词汇学教程
宠物驱虫药哪个好Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis
关于梅花古诗5.1 Word Meaning
1. What is ‘word meaning’?
Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and meaning.
xuetr ‘Meaning’ is what the form stands for.
Eg: desk: something you sit at and you do your work好看的绿色
There are two aspects to the meaning of a word: denotation and connotation. The process by which the word refers to the referent is called "denotation". For example, the denotation of "dog" is "canine quadruped". The denotative meaning of a word usually refers to the dictionary definition of a word. As oppod to denotation, connotation refers to the emotional aspect of a word. For example, the connotation of "dog" might include "friend", "h
elper", "competition", etc.
2. What is reference?
It is the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent, i.e., an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful.
The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.
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3. What is concept?
It is the general idea or meaning which is associate with a word or symbol in a person’s mind.
What’s the relationship between meaning and concept?
1) They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to di
fferent categories.
2) Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, and language and so on.
3) But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language u. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expresd in different words.
Meaning is cloly related to a concept, but they are not identical. A concept is the ba of the meaning of a word. A word is ud to label a concept. It acts as the symbol for that concept. The concept is abstracted from the person, thing, relationship, idea, event, and so on, that we are thinking about. We call this the referent. The word labels the concept, which is abstracted from the referent; the word denotes the referent, but does not label it. This approach to meaning can be diagrammed as follows: word - concept – referent
The formula shows that the word refers to the referent through a concept.
A concept is an abstraction from things of the same kind.
4. What is n?
The n of an expression is its place in a system of mantic relationships with other expressions in the language.
What’s the difference between reference and n?
1) Sen denotes the relationships inside the language.
2) Every word that has meaning has n but not every word has reference.
5.2 Motivation
1. What is motivation?
Motivation deals with the connection between name and n 萝卜的英语
2. Types of motivation
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A. Onomatopoeic Motivation
It means the imitation of sounds by sounds. Onomatopoeia is derived from Greek onomatopoeia "word-making": onoma, -matos "name" + poieo "make". Various other terms have been suggested, such as echoism (Jespern) and "phonaesthetic function" (Firth). Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound. The sounds of such words as cuckoo, ding-dong, swish, buzz, em to be appropriate to their ns. For examples: p101
But it has to be pointed out that onomatopoeic words constitute only a small part of the vocabulary. The forms of words normally have only a conventional relationship with what they refer to. According to Stephen Ullmann, onomatopoeic formation can be divided into primary onomatopoeia and condary onomatopoeia.
B. Morphological motivation
Words which were formed by means of morphological structure belong to the category of motivation by morphology.
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C. Semantic Motivation
Semantic motivation means that motivation is bad on mantic factors. It is a kind of mental association. When we speak of the bonnet or the hood of a car, of a coat of paint, or of potatoes cooked in their jackets, the expressions are motivated by the similarity between the garments and the objects referred to. In the same way, when we say the cloth for the clergy, silk for a Q. C., or "town and gown" for "town and university", there is mantic motivation due to the fact that the garments in question are cloly associated with the persons they designate. Both types of expression are figurative: the former are metaphorical, bad on some similarity between the two elements, the latter are metonymic, founded on some external connection.
1) Metaphor
Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phra ordinarily and primarily ud of one thing is applied to another, as in "He has a heart of stone.", "The curtain of night has fallen."
