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Early
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Washington Irving, James F. Cooper Romanticism (which flourished as a cultural force throughout the 19th C. and remains powerful in contemporary literature and art) is defined thus by the Oxford Companion to American Literature:
保姆的英文
"Romanticism, term that is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as
contrasted with classicism, which is commonly associated with reason and
restriction. A romantic attitude may be detected in literature of any period, but as
an historical movement it aro in the 18th and 19th centuries, in reaction to
more rational literary, philosophic, artistic, religious, and
The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was
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"Characteristics of the romantic movement in American literature are
ntimentalism, primitivism and the cult of the noble savage; political liberalism;
the celebration of natural beauty and the simple life; introspection; the
idealization of the common man, uncorrupted by civilization; interest in the
picturesque past; interest in remote places; antiquarianism; individualism; morbid
melancholy; and historical romance."
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Many explanations have been offered, as to why and how Romanticism gained such strength in Western Europe and the United States. Influential artists and writers (Rousau, Blake, Goethe, Beethoven, Gericault, J. L. David, Mary Shelley, and many others) broke away from formalities and rationalities of the Enlightenment; political and military leaders (Napoleon most famous among them, but also Napoleon, Nelson, Lafayette, Paoli, Bolivar, etc.) brought so much high theatricality to public performance. One can also talk about the continuing decay of urban life, the clearer possibilities for viable democracy, and a middle class exasperated with hierarchies which brought them little in the way of additional power. But there is also the possibility that the Age of Reason had grown weary, that a fierce reaction against logic, moderation, symmetry, and order, and pragmatism as core values was inevitable.
Characteristics of American romanticism in the first twenty-five years of the 19th century:
1.Reaction against logic and reason; there was a generalized
suspicion of ĺscienceĹ and dispassionate logic, though the fervor of this anti-science ntiment varied with the author and artist. Thoreau was a good and enthusiastic naturalist; Poe Ĭ at least in his poems and horror stories -- was perhaps the most phobic about science.
2.Faith in something inherently good and transcendent in the human
spirit, an inward divinity in no need of salvation, or even of formal creed -- but rather in need of awakening.
3.Faith in the spirituality and the symbolic importance of nature.
4.Anglo-French celebration of common and rural life provided a
model for American writers, who sought a way to satisfy a cultural need for lore - a mythology suitable to a new nation.
5.As the "Fireside Poets" (especially Bryant, Whittier, Longfellow)
became enormously popular in American houholds, they promulgated a celebration of simple living, intuitive wisdom, innocent love, and community folklore. By 1870, Longfellow in fact was out-s
红楼梦读后感1000字elling every other 19th century author writing in English, including Wordsworth, Browning, Tennyson, and even Charles Dickens.
6.In the arts, romanticism promoted a popular taste for wild landscapes,
ominous skies, ancient ruins, picturesque rusticity, and other ttings for intuitive inspiration.
Background and dates to remember:
摩擦力的影响因素1789: S torming of the Bastille; the French Revolution begins Ĭ攒够了失望
the most drastic, turbulent, and unresolved political and social
revolution in Western European history.
1798: Wordsworth and Coleridge's "Preface" to Lyrical Ballads
articulates a revolution in Anglo-American aesthetics. Bryant,
however, has not read Lyrical Ballads when he writes Thanatopsis,
suggesting that the cultural winds blowing in from Europe were
broader and stronger than one small collection of authors or poems.
1799: Napoleon becomes Consul, then Emperor of France.
1803: Beethoven, Symphony #3 (Eroica) -- Romanticism comes
full-force to symphonic music.
1814: Bryant writes "Thanatopsis" -- veral years before he reads
Wordsworth or Coleridge.
1826: Bryant joins the New York Evening Post, eventually building
the paper into a champion of the anti-slavery movement.
1835: John Greenleaf Whittier , a very popular Quaker poet, is
attacked by a mob for his public statements and newspaper work in
八旗support of abolitionism.
1836: Longfellow, at age 29, becomes a one-man department of
Romance Languages at Harvard.
1882: Mark Twain unintentionally humiliates himlf with a long,
satiric story featuring the now-established Boston luminaries at
Whittier's 70th birthday party in Boston. Emerson, Holmes,
Howells, and many of the surviving "Boston Brahmins" are in
attendance. Nobody laughs at the jokes.
