Lexicology 词汇学
Lexicology, as the science of words, is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their mantic structures, relations, historical development, formation, and usages.
Word 单词
A word is a minimal free form of a language, a sound unity, a unit of meaning, and a form that can function alone in a ntence.
Classification of words/vocabulary: Full form, popular learned, abstract concrete, transparent opaque, polymic monomic, native loan
Vocabulary 词汇
Vocabulary is most commonly ud to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. I
t can also refer to all the words of a given dialect, a book, a subject, and all the words possd by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.
Morphemes 语素
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
Allomorphs 语素变体
Allomorphs are the various morphs which reprent one morpheme.
Free morpheme 自由语素 (free root)
Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.
Bound morpheme 上海外国语大学录取分数线粘着语素 (bound root + affix)
Bound morpheme cannot stand by itlf as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.
Inflectional affix 屈折词缀
Inflectional affix are attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship
Derivational affix 六上英语单词表派生词缀 (prefix + suffix)
治疗咽炎办法
Derivational affix are affixes added to other morphemes to create a new word.
Root 词根
Root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be further analyzed.
Stem 词干
Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.
Ba 生物专业排名词基
Ba is any part of a word when an affix is added to a root, or stem.
1. Affixation 词缀法 (prefixation + suffixation) (Means of word formation)
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bas.
2. Compounding 合成法
Compounding is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and mantically as a single word.
3. Conversion 转化法 (一个单词的不同词性)
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another
4. Blending 拼缀法 (head + word + tail)
Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another. E.g. motel, chunnel, telex, medicare, bookmobile, workfare.
5. Clipping 截短法
Clipping is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. E.g. bike, biz, comfy, hanky, sarge, fridge, memo, scope, copter.
6. Acronym首字母拼音词
Acronym is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phras and technical terms.
7. Back-formation 逆成法地瓜拔丝的做法 (e.g. drow, laze, diagno, enthu, emote)
Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the suppod suffixes.
做手工的作文
Reference 指代
Reference is the relationship between language and the word.
Concept 概念
Concept is the result of human cognition, reflecting objective world in human mind.
Sen 意思
Sen is simply the meaning of a word in a language.
Motivation 理据
Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning
Types of motivation: Onomatopoeic(slink), morphological(penknife), mantic(top of trees), etymological(pen, laconic, sandwich, braille)
Types of meaning: Grammatical, lexical, conceptual, connotative(woman, human adult), stylistic(general), affective(appreciative, pejorative, neutral), collocative(chair)
1. Polymy 一词多义 (Types of n relations)
发财树叶子变黄
Polymy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.
Radiation 词义辐射 (two Process of development)
Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary meaning stands at the center while condary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. (head)
Concatenation 语义的联结
Semantically, concatenation is the process in which the meaning of a word gradually changes by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the n that is finally developed and the primary meaning. (cardinal)
2. Homonymy 同音异义
Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike or spelled alike or both.
Types of homonyms: Perfect homonyms, homophones, homographs (identical sound sp
elling different meaning)
