Tree Pruning
修剪樹木
Translated by1:
翻譯 :
Introduction
序文
This pruning guide is designed for beginning tree pruners and is written for the Puget Sound region of the Pacific Northwest (United States). Plea u this to help you, your friends and neighbors understand correct pruning techniques. This guide was made possible by funding from the USDA Forest Service and the King County Department of Natural Resources.
這個樹木修剪指南是为初級樹木修剪者和西北太平洋(美國)普捷湾地區而設計.請用这個指南来幫你，你的朋友，和鄰居明白正确的樹木修剪技術. 這個指南是由美國農業局森林管理和景郡天然資源局贊助而成.
冯梦龙智囊全集Depending upon where you live, you may be required to get a permit for tree pruning and removal. The requirements vary from city to city, borough, county, state, and country. Plea consult your local agriculture or forestry bureau for more information.
根據你住的地方的不同，你可能需要獲取許可證来修剪和移去樹木.這些規定會因城市，地區, 郡，州和國家而異.請詢問你當地的農業或森林管理局去獲取更多的資料.
The City of Seattle requires a permit for removal of street trees or to hire a professional to prune. Permits are also required for pruning and removal of trees in critical areas (wetlands or steep slopes). For information, telephone 206.684.5008 or go to: v/transportation/forestry.htm
西雅圖市規定街道上的樹的移去需要許可證或俜用專業人員來修剪樹木.在危險的地段(濕地或斜坡)修剪和移去樹木亦需要許可證. 欲知更多資料，請打電話到206.684.5008 或瀏覽：v/transportation/forestry.htm.
Guidelines for when to prune
修剪時的指引
•Prune to remove broken branches or to get street and sidewalk clearance anytime.
修剪除去斷了的樹枝或令到街道和人行道在任何時候都沒有障礙物.
•Prune fruit trees when they are in winter dormancy before the buds swell or, in the summer.
果樹應在冬天花苞發芽前或在夏天前修剪.
•Prune willow and poplar trees late in the summer.
柳樹和楊樹應在夏末時修剪.
•Prune elm trees in the Pacific Northwest only between October 15th and April 15th (while leaves are off the tree) to minimize damage from the elm leaf borer and Dutch Elm Dia.
西北太平洋地區的榆樹只能在十月十五日至四月十五日(當樹葉脫落時)期間修剪，這樣可以將受到害蟲和荷蘭榆樹病的損害减到最低.
•Prune birch, beech and maple trees after a hard frost to lesn sap flow.
樺樹，山毛櫸和楓樹應在結霜之後修剪，以减少樹液的流失.
Why prune trees?塞尔维亚位置
爲何修剪樹木？
•Prune to increa visibility and provide clearance for pedestrians and vehicles. In Seattle, street tree branches must provide 8 feet over the sidewalk and 14 feet above the street at the curb.
修剪以提高能見度和提供更多空間給行人和車輛.在西雅圖，街上的樹枝必須要離開行人道至少8英尺和車道邊緣離地14英尺以上.
•Prune to allow for light penetration or to frame a view.
修剪以獲得充足的光線和令外觀更美.
•Prune to remove broken, diad, or dead branches and suckers from the roots or root collar.
修剪以除去斷掉, 有病或死去的樹枝和根部的寄生蟲.
•Prune to direct growth and improve the structure in young trees.
修剪指引幼樹的成長和改善其造型結構.
•To increa fruit production.篮球阻挡犯规
增加果實產量.
•Prune trees to encourage and direct growth and accentuate a tree’s beauty, not to inhibit growth.
修剪以促進和指引樹的成長, 突出樹的美觀而不阻止樹的成長.
By properly removing branches, we make sure that trees will mature to their natural shapes and prerve their natural beauty, vigor, and health. A little careful pruning early can protect your tree’s branches from breaking or becoming too crowded as the tree grows.
通過正確地剪去樹枝，我們可以確定樹會成長到它們的自然形態和保持它們的自然美，旺盛和健康. 早期细心地修剪可避免樹枝斷掉或生長得太密.
Most pruning involves removing a few lower branches and when done correctly, trees require less pruning as they mature. Good pruning never changes the shape of the tree.
大多數的修剪需要剪去一少部分較低的樹枝, 如果修剪得正確, 在樹成長時就可以少一點修剪. 好的修剪是不會改變樹的
形態.
Examples of the natural shape and form of trees.
永垂不朽是什么意思
自然外觀及樹的型式個例
Note 註解:
Upright= 直立式
Open= 開放式
Arching=拱門式 Horizontal= 水平式 Fastigiate= 上升式
Natural Target Pruning – Learn where and how to make pruning cuts.
自然選擇修剪 – 學習在哪里和怎樣修剪.
By using the three step method when pruning, trees will respond by quickly closing over pruning cuts, remaining healthy, and looking nice. Branches are actually made from their own wood which is held onto the trunk by yearly wrappings of new growth. The branch collar is where the branch wood and the trunk wood meet. Making the pruning cut just outside this collar is important for tree health.
在修剪時, 用這三個步驟的方法, 樹木就會很快地恢復切口, 保持健康和變得好看. 樹枝是由樹幹久年生長累積而成的，樹環（結）是樹幹與樹枝的銜接處，爲了樹的健康，必須在樹環（結）外作切割。
员工培训计划方案
The angle of your pruning cut should expo the least amount of surface area. U the three cut method to ensure that the bark does not tear as the branch falls away, causing a bigger injury to the trunk.
修剪的角度應該盡量將表面面積减到最少.用三次剪切的方法来確定當樹枝脱落的時候樹皮不會撕落，避免引起對樹幹更大的損害.
Three-step method for removing large branches
修剪大樹枝時的三个步驟的方法
用三次剪切的方法來修剪比3/4寸或2厘米大的樹枝. 有關角度小的分枝，你必須在外面向上部份作整個切割.
Types of Pruning Cuts
修剪的類型
Thinning Cuts二合一笔记本>大宇造船
薄削
Thinning cuts are better for the health of a tree. Remove an entire branch by making a good pruning cut where the branch would have grown from a bud on another branch or the tree trunk. Thinning cuts are ud to open or rai the tree canopy and can also be ud to remove lect branches to improve views.
薄削對一棵樹的健康比較好. 做一個好的切割去移動整個分枝， 可移植在其它樹枝或樹幹上. 削薄可用作展發或提高樹
冠同時也可用來移除樹枝以增加美觀.
Note:
註解：
Thinning removes an entire branch back to another branch or to the trunk of the tree
薄削将一整支樹枝剪回到另外的一支樹枝或樹幹上.
Note: Do not remove more than 25% of the canopy of the tree in one growing ason or over a five year period otherwi you stimulate sprouts that grow quickly and are unhealthy and unsightly and could be unsafe.
注解：不要在一个生長季節里或在5年期間移去多于25%的樹冠, 不然您就會刺激到樹芽加快生長. 這是不健康，不美觀和可能是不安全的.
Heading Cuts
尖剪
Selective heading cuts are ud to shorten the branch and change the direction of growth when a thinning cut will remove too much wood. Always cut above a bud facing the direction of the desired new growth or to a side branch that is at least half the diameter of what you are removing. Making a non lective heading cut removes a branch that leaves a stub and open end that can either take a l
ong time to cover with bark or be a point of entry for dia. The cuts are hardest on a tree and usually result in a quick regrowth of lots of shoots.
選擇性的尖剪是用來修短樹枝和改變樹枝的生長方向，而薄削則是移去多餘的樹木. 切口必須在發芽之上及樹枝成長的方向.做一個非選擇性的尖剪會在剪去樹枝時留下殘端和缺口. 它將會需要一段長時間去恢復或者成爲一個病害的入口.
Non lective heading cut results in lots of sprouts
非選擇性的尖剪會導致很多新芽
Good Tips to Avoid Bad Pruning
避免不正確修剪的提示
U the 3 cut method to shorten branches before removal.
710000在除去樹枝之前，用三次剪切的方法先剪短樹枝.
This will prevent the branch from damaging the trunk as it falls to the ground, as shown in drawings below.
這樣可避免在樹枝斷落到地上時，樹幹所受到的損害, 如下圖。
Ripped branch from no undercut
没有切除下部的斷枝
Do Not Top Trees!
不要剪樹頂!
Topping cuts are a non lective heading cut that caus the branch to dieback or form weak, rapid, bushy sprouts that are unsightly. If the sprouts are allowed to grow, they can become unsafe from being so heavy and yet just attached to the outer bark.
頂剪是一个非選擇性的修剪方法, 它會令到樹枝枯萎和長出虛弱，險峻，濃密和不美觀的芽. 如果容許這些芽繼續生長, 它們可能變得不安全因爲它們長得太重和它们只是貼附在外面的樹皮上.
Regrowth of topped small tree with lots of sprouts
剪過頂部的小樹重新長出很多芽
