Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or reprentation of any government. In the cas in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status and excludes government reprentatives from membership in the organization. Unlike the term intergovernmental organization, "non-governmental organization" is a term in general u but is not a legal definition. In many jurisdictions the types of organization are defined as "civil society organizations" or referred to by other names.
The number of internationally operating NGOs is estimated at 40,000.[1] National numbers are even higher: Russia has 277,000 NGOs.[2] India is estimated to have between 1 million and 2 million NGOs.[3]
History
六味能消胶囊International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least 1839.[4]
Rotary, later Rotary International,( Rotary International is the world's first rvice club organization, with more than 1.2 million members in 33,000 clubs worldwide. Rotary club members are volunteers who work locally, regionally, and internationally to combat hunger, improve health and sanitation, provide education and job training, promote peace, and eradicate polio under the motto Service) was founded in 1904. It has been estimated that by 1914 there were 1083 NGOs.[5] International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women's suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference.[6] However, the phra "non-governmental organization" only came into popular u with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter[7] for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member states—e Consultative Status. The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other "major groups" in sustainable devel
opment was recognized in Chapter 27[8] of Agenda 21, leading to inten arrangements for a consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations.[9]新生儿斗鸡眼
Rapid development of the non-governmental ctor occurred in western countries as a result of the process of restructurization of the welfare state. Further globalisation of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the Washington connsus [10].
1000克Globalization during the 20th century gave ri to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be solved within a nation. International treaties and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization were perceived as being too centred on the interests of capitalist enterpris. Some argued that in an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development. A prominent example of this is the World Social Forum which is a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annual
ly in January in Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended by reprentatives from more than 1,000 NGOs.[citation needed] Some have argued that in forums like the, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racialized manner in dominant countries, and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the high colonial era. The philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics. However, this philosophy would suggest that organizations of indigenous peoples are not reprented, which is untrue. [11] Whatever the ca, NGO transnational networking is now extensive.
马书记Types of NGOs
Apart from "NGO", often alternative terms are ud as for example: independent ctor, volunteer ctor, civil society, grassroots organizations, transnational social movement organizations, private voluntary organizations, lf-help organizations and non-state actors (NSA's).
Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. A long list of acronyms has developed around the term "NGO".
The include:
BINGO is short for business-oriented international NGO, or big international NGO;
CSO, short for civil society organization;
DONGO: Donor Organized NGO;
ENGO: short for environmental NGO, such as Global 2000;
GONGOs are government-operated NGOs, which may have been t up by governments to look like NGOs in order to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of the government in question;
用却造句二年级
INGO stands for international NGO; Education charter international is an international NGO
youai>长胎不长肉的孕期食物
QUANGOs are quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its membership is by nation, and each nation is reprented by what the ISO Council determines to be the 'most broadly reprentative' standardization body of a nation. That body might itlf be a nongovernmental organization; for example, the United States is reprented in ISO by the American National Standards Institute, which is independent of the federal government. However, other countries can be reprented by national governmental agencies; this is the trend in Europe.)
孩子成长TANGO: short for technical assistance NGO;
GSO: Grassroots Support Organization
