University of California Berkeley Library
APA Style Citations (American Psychological Association)
T his document provides guidelines for citing sources according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition), often referred to as "APA style". It incorporates the updated guidelines for citing electronic references, which the APA has issued as an amendment to tho originally published in the manual. This guide is an abbreviation of APA guidelines. If the kind of work you wish to cite is not reprented, or specifics about the resource you need to cite are not addresd, e the guide's ction on obtaining more help.
How Do I Cite? When you refer to or ba your ideas on another person's work, you need to cite it. AP
A style requires you place brief reference citations in your text and then complete citations for the works referenced at the end of your paper in an alphabetized reference list.
1) In-Text Reference Citations.At the point of reference, provide your reader with a brief reference citation.
When quoting, or referring to a specific part of a work, include information on the specific page(s) or part of the work.
As Maguire (2004) stated, your text continues.
OR
Your text or quotation here (Maguire, 2004).
According to Coward and Maguire (1999), your text continues.
OR
Your text or quotation here (Coward & Maguire, 1999).
According to Coward and Maguire (1999, p. 45), your text continues.
OR
Your text or quotation here (Coward & Maguire, 1999, p. 45).
As Coward (2008, Conclusion ction, para. 3) concluded, your text continues.
OR
Your text or quotation here (Coward, 2008, Conclusion ction, para. 3).
General Rules for an In-Text Reference Citation
Elements
Note the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.
芭蕉分绿与窗纱Include the elements within the text's narrative or in accompanying parenthes;
include in parenthes any element that does not already appear in the narrative.
Separate elements in parenthes by a comma
Do not include suffixes such as Jr.
Cite only the year; do not include months or days
Subquent citations to the same work, within the same paragraph, do not require you re-cite the year
Citing a specific part of a work
Always provide page numbers when quoting
Follow the year of publication with a comma and identify the page(s), chapter, table, etc.
U abbreviations p. and chap. for page or chapter
For electronic sources without page numbers…if the source referenced provides paragraph numbers, u them (precede with symbol ¶ or para. ). If it does not, but has ction headings, cite the relevant heading for the ction followed by a comma and the number of the paragraph in that ction.
Works by more than one author
For a work by two authors, provide the last names of both each time the cited work is referenced
For a work by three to five authors, provide the last names of all authors the first time the work is cited; in any subquent references cite the last name of the first author followed by et al.
For a work by more than five authors, provide the last name of the first author followed by et al.
Include the year of publication in the first and any subquent citations to the work.
When citing within parenthes, join multiple authors with &
When citing within the text's narrative, join authors with the conjunction and
Author is a group, no author, and anonymous author
Group author. For a work authored by a group, spell out the group name. When it is long, and has a readily understandable abbreviation, it may be abbreviated in subquent references.
(The National Organization for Women [NOW], 1999) (NOW, 1999)
No author provided. For a work with no author, instead cite the first few words of the work's entry as given in the "reference list" (e “order of entries” in the ction of this guide describing the reference list)
–Usually it will be the title. If it is a title of an article or book chapter, put it in "quotes". If it is a title of a book, periodical, or report, italicize it.
As was noted ("The Disability Gulag," 2003) at the time, your text continues.
Note: Capitalization of title words differs from their treatment in the reference list
Anonymous work. For a work designated as anonymous, cite the author as Anonymous
Undated work
For undated works, note n.d.
As Winton (n.d.) stated, your text continues.
OR
Your text or quotation here (Winton, n.d.).
2) Reference List. The reference list provides the full citations for the works you cite. Below are examples and the general guidelines to follow when citing.
Examples: print publications (for electronic publications, e corresponding examples)
note: The examples are single-spaced to conden the length of this guide; however, APA style is to double-space
reference list entries
General Format Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of book. Location:
Publisher.
焦虑的英文Examples:Holmberg, D., Orbuch, T., & Veroff, J. (2004). Thrice-told tales:
Married couples tell their stories. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
General Format Author, A. A. (2004). Title of chapter. In A. Editor,
B. Editor, &
C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (p./pp. page
number/s). Location: Publisher.
Examples:Stein, A. (1997). Sex after 'xuality': From xology to post-
structuralism. In D. Owen (Ed.), Sociology after postmodernism
家长会心得(pp. 158-172). London: Sage.
General Format Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2004). Title of article.
Title of Journal, volume(issue, when appropriate), page-number/s.
Examples:McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2003). Defeating Kyoto: The
conrvative movement's impact on U.S. climate change policy.
Social Problems, 50, 348-373.
Stein, H. F. (2003). The inner world of workplaces: Accessing this world
through poetry, narrative literature, music, and visual art.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Rearch, 55(2), 84-93.
不时
General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Magazine,
volume if any, page-number/s.
*Second example illustrates a citation when no author is named
榴莲有核吗
and includes bracketed descriptive information
Examples:Kenji, M., & Tanako, K. (2003, February 13). Conflict and cognitive
control. Science, 303, 969-970.
The disability gulag [Letter to the editor]. (2003, December 14).
The New York Times Magazine, 28.
General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper,
p./pp. page number/s.
*Second example illustrates citation format when no author is named
and the article referenced is on non-concutive pages
Examples:Nagourney, E. (2003, October 28). Impatience, at your own risk.
The New York Times, p. F6.
Skin deep: 'Cosmetic wellness' helps people feel good about their looks.
(2004, March 24). The Modesto Bee, pp. G1, G4.
General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day as needed). Review title [Review of the
medium Title of item reviewed]. Title of Periodical,and
publication information following format for journal, magazine,
or newspaper, as appropriate.
*Second example illustrates citation where review is untitled
Examples:Petrakis, J. (2004, February 24). Regrets [Review of the motion picture
The fog of war]. The Christian Century, 121, 66-67.
回去的英文Zulu, I. M. (1997). [Review of the book The opening of the American
mind: Canons, culture, and history]. College & Rearch
Libraries, 58, 487-488.
Examples: electronic publications
note: The examples are single-spaced to conden the length of this guide; however, APA style is to double-space reference list entries
General Format Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (2004). Title of article.
Title of Periodical, volume(issue if needed), page-number/s.
doi:number
Examples:Gilbert, J. (2008). Against the commodification of everything.
Cultural Studies 22, 551-566. doi:10.1080/09502380802245811
Journal Article General Format Author, A. A., Author B. B., & Author C. C. (2004). Title of article.
Title of Periodical, volume(issue if needed), page-number/s.
Retrieved from statement.弹跳地漏
*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, e additional rules for electronic references for criteria.
*Examples illustrate article citations for a freely available article, an article from a subscription databa, and an article from a subscription databa where the resource name is provided in lieu
of a homepage.
Examples: Wada, K. (2008). Illegal file sharing 101. Educau Quarterly, 31(4), 18-25. Retrieved fro
m
net.educau.edu/ir/library/pdf/EQM0844.pdf
Hopkins, N., & Moore, C. (2001). Categorizing the neighbors: Identity, distance, and stereotyping. Social Psychology Quarterly, 64, 239-
252. Retrieved from www.jstor
文艺节目
Singh, H. B., Prasad, P., & Rai L. K. (2002). Folk medicinal plants in the Sikkim Himalayas of India. Asian Folklore Studies, 61,
295-310. Retrieved from ProQuest databa.
Magazine Article General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume if any, page-number/s. Retrieved from statement.
*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, e additional rules for electronic references for criteria.
Example:Newton-Small, J. (2009, February 11). Congress’s new love affair with twitter. Time. Retrieved from
/time/politics/article/0,8599,1878773,00.html
Newspaper Article General Format Author, A. A. (2004, Month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, p./pp. page number/s. Retrieved from statement.
*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, e additional rules for electronic references for criteria.
*Example shows citation when no author is named.
Example:Prohibition sustained. (1920, January 6). The New York Times, p. 14.
Retrieved from ProQuest Historical Newspapers databa.
General Format Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (2004). Title of book. Retrieved from
statement including publisher information if appropriate.
*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, e additional
rules for electronic references for criteria.
*The first example shows a citation for an electronic book that was
retrieved from a subscription databa. As the homepage is not
readily identifiable, the databa name is provided. The cond example
is a book that is freely available. In both cas, the publisher is not
otherwi evident and needs to be provided.
Examples:Bell, S., & Mor, S. (2003). Measuring sustainability: Learning by
doing. London: Earthscan Publications. Retrieved from the ebrary
databa.
Goldman, E. (1914). The social significance of the modern drama.
Boston: Badger. Retrieved from
sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Writings/Drama/index.html
General Format Author, A. A. (year if available, if not abbreviation for no date).
Title of document. Retrieved from statement.
*What's included in the Retrieved from statement varies, e additional
rules for electronic references for criteria.
*Example shows citation with group as author. As the content
may be changeable a retrieval date is provided.
Examples:NCAA Committee on Sportsmanship and Ethical Conduct. (n.d.). Operations
plan 2001-02 and 2002-03: Strategic planning and budgeting for the
2002-03 and 2003-04 Academic Years. Retrieved February 9, 2004,
aa/membership/governance/assoc-wide/
sportsmanship_ethics/index.html
General Rules for Reference Lists(e additional rules for electronic publications, below)
Titling and spacing
Start the list on a new page. Title it References (Reference if citing only one work) and center the title
Double-space entries
Individual entries should have a hanging indent (i.e. first line of entry is flush with the left margin, subquent lines indented)
Order of entries
Entries are alphabetized by author's last name
For works with multiple authors, alphabetize by the last name of the first listed author
Multiple works by the same author(s) are alphabetized by the first author’s last name and ordered amongst themlves by year of publication (earliest first)
Multiple works by the same first author, but different subquent authors, are alphabetized within the list by the last name of the first author, and then alphabetized amongst themlves by the first unique last name
When the author is a group, alphabetize by the first significant word in the group's name
Works signed Anonymous should be alphabetized as if that is the author's name
Works with no author should move the title to the author position (before the date of publication) and alphabetize by the first significant title word
Elements of an entry
Each entry usually contains the following four elements: a) author b) publication date c) title and d) publishing data
Commas generally parate items within an element
Periods are generally ud to end an element
a) Author
–Invert authors' names -- e.g., Last name, A. A., Last name, B. B., & Last name, C. C.
–U commas between an author's last name and initials, between initials and suffixes, and between multiple authors.
When there are multiple authors, precede the last named author by &
–Provide author last names and initials for works by one to six authors. For ven or more, follow the sixth author by a comma and the abbreviation et al.
–If the author is a group, its name should be written in full, capitalizing the first letter of significant words. A parent body precedes a subdivision of an organization -- e.g., University of Somewhere, Department of Something –If the work has no author, move the work's title to the author position of the entry
–Edited books generally treat the editor as the author. Follow editor name with (Ed.) or (Eds.) as ap
propriate However: If a book has only one author and also an editor, the editor’s name is given in parenthes, after the title --
in the manner a translator would be treated. In this ca, the editor name is not inverted –e.g.,Title of book (A. A. Last
name, Ed.).
–For a chapter in a book, the chapter author is the author listed for the entry. Editor information, if any, precedes the book title and is not inverted. See book chapter example for a sample citation.
•Multiple editors are parated with a comma; u & between the last two named editors
•If there are only two editors, u & without a comma between the editor names
•Follow editor name(s) with (Ed.),or (Eds.),
–Reviews treat the reviewer as the author for the entry
