念书的孩子电影 Pupil Size Is a Marker of Intelligence人民币基准利率
瞳孔的大小是智力的标志
By Jason S. Tsukahara, Alexander P. Burgoyne, Randall W. Engle on June 2, 2021
It has been said that “the eyes are the window to the soul,” but new rearch suggests that they may be a window to the brain as well.
Our pupils respond to more than just the light. They indicate arousal, interest or mental exhaustion. Pupil dilation is even ud by the FBI to detect deception. Now work conducted in our laboratory at the Georgia Institute of Technology suggests that baline pupil size is cloly related to individual differences in intelligence姓氏图腾. The larger the pupils, the higher the intelligence, as measured by tests of reasoning, attention and memory. In fact, across three studies, we found that the difference in baline pupil size between people who scored the
highest on the cognitive tests and tho who scored the lowest was large enough to be detected by the unaided eye.黄瓜香肠
We first uncovered this surprising relationship while studying differences in the amount of mental effort people ud to complete memory tasks. We ud pupil dilations as an indicator of effort, a technique psychologist Daniel Kahneman popularized in the 1960s and 1970s. When we discovered a relationship between baline 撩对象的情话pupil size and intelligence, we weren’t sure if it was real or what it meant.
Intrigued, we conducted veral large-scale studies in which we recruited more than 500 people aged 18 to 35 from the Atlanta community. We measured participants’ pupil size using an eye tracker, a device that captures the reflection of light off the pupil and cornea using a high-powered camera and computer. We measured participants’ pupils at rest while they stared at a blank computer screen for up to four minutes. All the while, the eye tracker was recording. Using the tracker, we then calculated each participant’s average pupil size.海带的吃法
据说，“眼睛是通往灵魂的窗口”，但新的研究表明，它们可能也可能是通往大脑的窗口。
我们的瞳孔对光线的反应不仅仅是对光线的反应。它们表明了性唤起、兴趣或精神疲惫。联邦调查局甚至使用学生扩张来检测欺骗行为。现在我们在乔治亚理工学院的实验室进行的工作表明，基线瞳孔的大小与个体智力差异密切相关。瞳孔人数越大，智力就越高，通过推理、注意力和记忆的测试来衡量。事实上，在三项研究中，我们发现，在认知测试中得分最高的人和得分最低的人之间的基线瞳孔大小的差异足够大，可以被肉眼检测到。
我们首先在研究人们用来完成记忆任务的智力努力量的差异时，发现了这种令人惊讶的关系。我们使用瞳孔扩张作为努力的指标，一位技术心理学家丹尼尔·卡内曼在20世纪60年代和70年代推广起来。当我们发现基线瞳孔大小和智力之间的关系时，我们不确定它是真实的还是我是什么。
To be clear, pupil size refers to the diameter of the black circular aperture in the center of the eye. It can range from around two to eight millimeters. The pupil is surrounded by the colorful area known as the iris, which is responsible for controlling the size of the pupil. Pupils constrict in respon to bright light, among other things, so we kept the laboratory lantern读音
dim for all participants.
In the next part of the experiment, participants completed a ries of cognitive tests designed to measure “fluid intelligence,” the capacity to reason through new problems, “working memory capacity,” the ability to remember information over a period of time, and “attention control,” the ability to focus attention amid distractions and interference.
怎么跟领导提离职As one example of an attention control test, participants had to resist glancing toward a bold, flickering asterisk on one side of a computer screen and instead rapidly look in the opposite direction to identify a letter. The letter would disappear within moments, so even a brief eye movement toward the flickering asterisk could result in missing it. Humans are primed to react to objects passing through their peripheral vision—it’s what once allowed us to spot a predator or prey—but this task required participants to redirect their focus from the flicking asterisk to the letter.
We found that a larger baline pupil size was correlated with greater fluid intelligence, attention control and, to a lesr degree, working memory capacity—indicating a fascinati
ng relationship between the brain and eye. Interestingly, pupil size was negatively correlated with age: older participants tended to have smaller, more constricted, pupils. Once standardized for age, however, the relationship between pupil size and cognitive ability remained.
显然，瞳孔的大小是指眼睛中心的黑色圆孔的直径。它的范围可以为2到8毫米。瞳孔被被称为虹膜的彩色区域所包围，它负责控制瞳孔的大小。学生们对明亮的光线保持克制，所以我们对所有参与者都保持昏暗。
在实验的下一部分中，参与者完成了一系列认知测试，旨在测量“流动智力”、通过新问题推理的能力、“工作记忆能力”、一段时间内记忆信息的能力、“注意力控制”、在干扰和干扰中集中注意力的能力。
作为注意力控制测试的一个例子，参与者必须拒绝回头看电脑屏幕一边的一个粗体、闪烁的星号，而是快速地寻找相反的方向来识别一个字母。这封信会在瞬间内消失，所以即使是短暂的眼睛移动闪烁的星号也可能会丢失它。人类准备对通过周围视觉的物体做出反应——这就是什么。
But why does pupil size correlate with intelligence? To answer this question, we need to understand what is going on in the brain. Pupil size is related to activity in the locus coeruleus, a nucleus situated in the upper brain stem with far-reaching neural connections to the rest of the brain. The locus coeruleus releas norepinephrine, which functions as both a neurotransmitter and hormone in the brain and body, and it regulates process such as perception, attention, learning and memory. It also helps maintain a healthy organization of brain activity so that distant brain regions can work together to accomplish challenging tasks and goals. Dysfunction of the locus coeruleus, and the resulting breakdown of organized brain activity, has been related to veral conditions, including Alzheimer’s dia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In fact, this organization of activity is so important that the brain devotes most of its energy to maintain it, even when we are not doing anything at all—such as when we stare at a blank computer screen for minutes on end.
