◆图表填空题
Passage 1
The Rollfilm Revolution
The introduction of the dry plate process brought with it many advantages. Not only was it much more convenient, so that the photographer no longer needed to prepare his material in advance, but its much greater nsitivity made possible a new generation of cameras. Instantaneous exposures h
ad been possible before, but only with some difficulty and with special equipment and conditions. Now, exposures short enough to permit the camera to be held in the hand were easily achieved. As well as fitting shutters and viewfinders to their conventional stand cameras, manufacturers began to construct smaller cameras intended specifically for hand u.
One of the first designs to be published was Thomas Bolas’s “Detective”camera of 1881. Externally a plain box, quite unlike the folding bellows camera typical of the period, it could be ud unobtrusively. The name caught on, and for the next decade or so almost all hand cameras were called “Detectives”. Many of the new designs in the 1880s were for magazine cameras, in which a number of dry plates could be pre-loaded and changed one after another following exposure. Although much more convenient than stand cameras, still ud by most rious workers, magazine plate cameras were heavy, and required access to a darkroom
for loading and processing the plates. This was all changed by a young American bank clerk turned photographic manufacturer, George Eastman, from Rochester, New York.
Eastman had begun to manufacture gelatine dry plates in 1880, being one of the first to do so in America. He soon looked for ways of simplifying photography, believing that many people were put off by the complication and messiness. His first step was to develop, with the camera manufacturer William H. Walker, a holder for a long roll of paper negative “film”. This could be fitted to a standard plate camera and up to forty-eight exposures made before reloading. The combined weight of the paper roll and the holder was far less than the same number of glass plates in their light-tight wooden holders. Although roll-holders had been made as early as the 1850s, none had been very successful becau of the limitations of the photographic materials then available. Eastman’s rollable paper film was nsitive and gave negatives of good quality; the Eastman-Walker roll-holder was a great Success.
The next step was to combine the roll-holder with a small hand camera: Eastman’s first design was patented with an employer F. M. Cossitt, in 1886. It was not a success. Only fifty Eastman detective cameras were made, and they were sold as a lot to a dealer in 1887; the cost was too high and the design too complicated. Eastman t about developing a new model, which was launched in June 1888. It
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was a small box, containing a roll of paper-bad stripping film sufficient for 100 circular exposures 6 cm in diameter. Its operation was simple: t the shutter by pulling a wire string; aim the camera using the V line impression in the camera top; press the relea button to activate the exposure; and turn a special key to wind on the film. A hundred exposures had to be made, so it was important to record each picture in the memorandum book provided, since there was no exposure counter. Eastman gave his camera the invented name “Kodak”, which was easily pronounceable in most languages, and had two Ks which Eastman felt was a firm, uncompromising kind of letter.青岛市社保局
The importance of Eastman’s new roll-film camera was not that it was the first. There had been veral earlier cameras, notably the Stirn “America”, first demonstrated in the spring of 1887 and on sale from early 1888. This also ud a roll of negative paper, and had such refinements as a reflecting viewfinder and an ingenious exposure marker. The real significance of the first Kodak camera was that it was backed up by a developing and printing rvice. Hitherto, virtually all photographers developed and printed their own pictures. This required the facilities of a darkroom and the time and inclination to handle the necessary chemicals, make the prints and so on. Eastman recognized that not everyone had the resources or the desire to do the. When a customer had made a hundred exposures in the Kodak camera, he nt it to Eastman’s factory in Rochester where the film was unloaded, procesd and printed, the camera reloaded and returned to
the owner. “You Press the Button, We Do the Rest”ran Eastman’s classic marketing slogan; photography had been brought to everyone. Everyone, that is, who could afford $25 or five guineas for the camera and $10 or two guineas for the developing and printing. A guinea ($5) was a week’s wages for many at the time, so this simple camera cost the equivalent of hundreds of dollars today.
In 1889 an improved model with a new shutter design was introduced, and it was called the No. 2 Kodak camera. The paper-bad stripping film was complicated to manipulate, since the procesd negative image had to be stripped from the paper ba for printing. At the end of 1889 Eastman launched a new roll film on a celluloid ba. Clear, tough, transparent and flexible, the new film not only made the roll-film camera fully practical, but provided the raw material for the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Other, larger models were introduced, including veral folding versions, one of which took pictures 21.6 cm ×16.5 cm in size. Other manufacturers in America and Europe introduced cameras to take the Kodak roll-films, and other firms began to offer developing and printing rvices for the benefit of the new breed of photographers. By September 1889, over 5,000 Kodak cameras had been sold in the USA, and the company was daily printing 6,000-7,000 ne
gatives. Holidays and special events created enormous surges in demand for processing: 900 Kodak urs returned their cameras for processing and reloading in the week after the New York centennial celebration.
Complete the diagram below.
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Choo NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.难忘同学情
【答案】
1-5：A Wire String, t the shutter, aim the camera, (The) Memorandum Book, record each picture
【解析】
根据图中已知的两个信息“V Line Impression”和“Special Key”可定位到原文第四段的第六、七句对照相机曝光操作过程的描述“Its operation was simple: t the shutter by pulling a wire string; aim the camera using the V line impression in the camera top; press the relea bottom to activate the exposure; and turn a special key to wind on the film. A hundred exposures had to be made, so it was important to record each
picture in the memorandum book provided, since there was no exposure counter”该句中共有5个分句对应了题中的四个步骤及其功能，只要根据句中的描述，将每一步骤对应到图表中即可。银行客户经理年终总结
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Passage 2
People and Organisations: the Selection Issue
A In 1991, according to the Department of Trade and Industry, a record 48,000
British companies went out of business. When business fail, the post-mortem analysis is traditionally undertaken by accountants and market strategists.
Unarguably organisations do fail becau of undercapitalization, poor financial management, and adver market conditions etc. Yet, converly, organisations with sound financial backing, good product ideas and market acumen often underperform and fail to meet shareholders’expectations. The complexity, degree and sustainment of organizational performance require an explanation which goes beyond the balance sheet and the “paper conversion”of financial inputs into profit making outputs. A more complete explanation of “what went wrong”necessarily must consider the esnce of what an organization actually is and that one of the financial inputs, the most important and often the most expensive, is people.
B An organization is only as good as the people it employs. Selecting the right
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ps怎么添加水印person for the job involves more than identifying the esntial or desirable
