跨文化商务沟通复习资料
第一章
一．文化适应的四个维度P9
Dimensions of Acculturation
Integration - persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity
Separation - individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new culture
Assimilation - persons are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw from their old culture
Deculturation - individuals lo their original culture and do not accept the new culture
第二章压怎么组词不作为考试重点
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一．不同文化的人们对待女性，道德标准以及工作的态度不同P47~P56
①Attitudes Toward Women：
Influenced by cultural roots;U.S. women are suppod to have the same rights as men;Kenya women are considered subordinate to men;Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are de-emphasized - women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many companies；U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they are starting new business at twice the rate of men;In France, one-fifth of small business are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one-third；The U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers.五角星拼音
Percentage of Women in Top Management Positions:The Russian Federation 42%，European Union 30%,Australia 23%,United Kingdom 21%,United States 20%,Japan 7%.
②Cultural Attitudes Toward Work:
Work ethic - hard work is applauded and rewarded; not working is viewed negatively.
U.S. persons value work; executives work
-56 hours per week.
-take 14 days of vacation a year.
European persons work
-36 to 41 hours per week.
-take 4 to 6 weeks of vacation a year.
Europeans:Relaxed;Vacation during month of August;Do not work weekends or holidays (The French take longer vacations than people of any other country.)
Australians:Value free time; Value short work week
Japane :Work Monday through Friday, often 18 hours a day;Work until their boss leaves
③Attitudes Toward Ethics:
Ethical behavior means acting with integrity, honesty, competence, respect, fairness, trust, courage, and responsibility.
Ethical standards are guidelines established to convey what is perceived to be correct or incorrect behavior by most people in a society.
Ethics: The Four-Way Test:
Is it the truth?
Is it fair to all concerned?
Will it build goodwill and better friendships?
Will it be beneficial to all concerned?
二．微信图片头像男个人主义和集体主义P57
Individualism - attitude of valuing ourlves as parate individuals with人文关怀是什么意思 responsibility for our own destinies and actions.
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Collectivism - emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and interdependence.
第四章
一．文化冲击的阶段P69
Stages of Cultural Shock:
Stage 1: Excitement and fascination with the new culture; the "honeymoon" stage.
Stage 2: Crisis or dinchantment period; excitement has turned to disappointment.
Stage 3: Adjustment pha; you begin to accept the new culture, try new foods, e the humor in situations.
Stage 4: Acceptance or adaptation pha; feel at home in the new culture and become involved in activities of the culture.
Stage 5: Reentry shock; follows the stages identified earlier: initial euphoria, crisis or dinchantment, adjustment, and adaptation.
二．如何缓解文化冲击P71~P74
To alleviate cultural shock, try to e the environment from the perspective of the host nationals.互联网产品的营销
①慎重挑选外派人员
Alleviating Cultural Shock by Careful Selection of Overas Personnel(Sensitive, cooperative, able to compromi;Open to others' opinions;Reaction to new situations; appreciation of cultural differences;Understanding of own values and aware-ness of values in other cultures;Reaction to criticism;Understanding government system;Ability to develop contacts in new culture;Patience and resiliency.)
②提供出国前培训
Intellectual or classroom model - involves giving facts about the host country using a variety of instructional methods;
Area training or simulation model - emphasizes affective goals, culture specific content, and experiential process;
Self-awareness or human relations model - bad on the assumption that the trainee with lf-understanding will be more effective in the overas assignment;
Cultural awareness model - emphasizes cultural insight and stress affective goals and an experiential process;
Interaction approach - participants interact with people in the host country;
Multidimensional approach - attempts to combine cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of training;
③提供反馈和奖励
Reward systems include special allowances for housing, hardship, home leave, medical, taxes, etc.
Appraisal and reward system must reflect the purpo and expectations of the assignment (profit or building a prence in the country).
