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What is Humanism?
Changing the world, one mind at
∙ What is Humanism?
∙ Humanist Manifestos
∙ American Humanist Assn.
∙ The Cranky Atheist
∙ Mid Michigan Atheists
∙ Richard Dawkins
∙ Sam Harris
by Frederick Edwords
Executive Director, American Humanist Association
What is humanism?
风险评估怎么做The sort of answer you will get to that question depends on what sort of humanist you ask!
我的小猫作文The word "humanism" has a number of meanings, and becau authors and speakers often don't clarify which meaning they intend, tho trying to explain humanism can easily become a source of confusion. Fortunately, each meaning of the word constitutes a different type of humanism -- the different types being easily parated and defined by the u of appropriate adjectives. So, let me summarize the different varieties of humanism in this way.
Literary Humanism is a devotion to the humanities or literary culture.
Renaissance Humanism is the spirit of learning that developed at the end of the middle
ages with the revival of classical letters and a renewed confidence in the ability of human beings to determine for themlves truth and falhood.
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Cultural Humanism is the rational and empirical tradition that originated largely in ancient Greece and Rome, evolved throughout European history, and now constitutes a basic part of the Western approach to science, political theory, ethics, and law.
Philosphical Humanism is any outlook or way of life centered on human need and interest. Sub-categories of this type include Christian Humanism and Modern Humanism.
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Christian Humanism is defined by Webster's Third New International Dictionary as "a philosophy advocating the lf- fulfillment of man within the framework of Christian principles." This more human-oriented faith is largely a product of the Renaissance and is a part of what made up Renaissance humanism.
Modern Humanism, also called Naturalistic Humanism, Scientific Humanism, Ethical Humanism and Democratic Humanism is defined by one of its leading proponents, Corlis
s Lamont, as "a naturalistic philosophy that rejects all supernaturalism and relies primarily upon reason and science, democracy and human compassion." Modern Humanism has a dual origin, both cular and religious, and the constitute its sub-categories.
Secular Humanism is an outgrowth of 18th century enlightenment rationalism and 19th century freethought. Many cular groups, such as the Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism and the American Rationalist Federation, and many otherwi unaffiliated academic philosophers and scientists, advocate this philosophy.
股票交易异常波动Religious Humanism养蚕的过程 emerged out of Ethical Culture, Unitarianism, and Universalism. Today, many Unitarian- Universalist congregations and all Ethical Culture societies describe themlves as humanist in the modern n.
The most critical irony in dealing with Modern Humanism is the inability of its advocates to agree on whether or not this worldview is religious. Tho who e it as philosophy are the Secular Humanists while tho who e it as religion are Religious Humanists. This dispute has been going on since the early years of this century when the cular and reli
牛郎与织女的故事gious traditions converged and brought Modern Humanism into existence.
Secular and Religious Humanists both share the same worldview and the same basic principles. This is made evident by the fact that both Secular and Religious Humanists were among the signers of Humanist Manifesto I in 1933 and Humanist Manifesto II in 1973. From the standpoint of philosophy alone, there is no difference between the two. It is only in the definition of religion and in the practice of the philosophy that Religious and Secular Humanists effectively disagree.
The definition of religion ud by Religious Humanists is a functional one. Religion is that which rves the personal and social needs of a group of people sharing the same philosophical world view.
To rve personal needs, Religious Humanism offers a basis for moral values, an inspiring t of ideals, methods for dealing with life's harsher realities, a rationale for living life joyously, and an overall n of purpo.
To rve social needs, Humanist religious communities (such as Ethical Culture societies and many Unitarian-Universalist churches) offer a n of belonging, an institutional tting for the moral education of children, special holidays shared with like-minded people, a unique ceremonial life, the performance of ideologically consistent rites of passage (weddings, child welcomings, coming-of-age celebrations, funerals, and so forth), an opportunity for affirmation of one's philosophy of life, and a historical context for one's ideas.
