方梦之主编：《译学词典》，上海外语教育出版社，第29页
功能翻译理论 functionalist translation theory
又称“功能目的论"（Skopos theory）。1971年，德国的莱斯(K。 Reiss）首先提出“把翻译行为所要达到的特殊目的”作为翻译评价的新模式。1984年她在与费米尔（H。 J. Vermeer)合写的General Foundation of Translation Theory一书中声称：译者在整个翻译过程中的参照系不应是“对等”翻译理论所注重的原文及其功能，而应是译文在译语文化环境中所预期达到的一种或若钟交际功能.20世纪90年代初，德国学者克利斯蒂安·诺德（Christiane Nord）进一步拓展了译文功能理论。她强调译文与原文的联系，但这种联系的质量与数量由译文的预期功能确定。这就是说，根据译文语境，原文中的哪些内容或成分可以保留，哪些需调整或改写，该由译文的预期功能确定。
功能目的理论的两项基本原则是：1. 翻译各方面的交互作用受翻译目的所决定；2。 目的随接受对象的不同而变化。按照这两项原则，译者可以为了达到目的而采用任何他自己认为适当的翻译策略.换句话说，目的决定方式(The end justifies the means）。
作为受文化制约的语言符号,原文语篇和译文语篇受到各自交际环境的影响，译文功能与原文功能可相似或保持一致，也可能完全不同。根据不同的语境因素和预期功能，选择最佳的处理方法，这是功能翻译理论比以对等为基础的翻译理论或极端功能主义的翻译理论更为优越之处。翻译功能理论指导下的翻译方法表现出较大的灵活性,较高的科学性和易操作性。Toury 把“功能目的论"看作是“译文文本中心论”的翻版。
不可不戒Skopos theory （plural Skopos theories)
1.（translation studies) The idea that translating and interpreting should primarily take into account the function of both the source and target text。
o汽车动平衡>光绪怎么死的1995， Paul Kussmaul， Training The Translator, John Benjamins Publishing Co， p。 149：
The functional approach has a great affinity with Skopos theory。 The function of a translation is dependent on the knowledge， expectations, values and norms of the target readers， who are again influenced by the situation they are in and by the culture.
铺天盖地的意思是什么The factors determine whether the function of the source text or passages in the source text can be prerved or have to be modified or even changed.
Introduction to the Skopos Theory
The Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was put forward by Hans Vemeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s and which oriented a more functionally and socioculturally concept of translation。 Translation is considered not as a process of translation， but as a specific form of human action。 In our mind， translation has a purpo， and the word “Skopos" was from Greek。 It’s ud as the technical term for the purpo of the translation。
翻译目的论，"skopos"是希腊语“目的”的意思。其核心概念是翻译过程的最主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的。
1.Introduction to the Skopos Theory
党参的作用与功效
The Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was put forward by Hans Vemeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s and which oriented a more functionally and socioculturally concept of translation. Translation is considered not as a process of translation， but as a specific form of human action。 In our mind， translation has a purpo, and the word “Skopos" was from Greek. It’s ud as the technical term for the purpo of the translation. In the frame work of this theory, one of the most important factors determining the purpo of a translation is the address, who is the intended receiver or audience of the target text with their world language. Every translation is directed at an intended audience。 The theory focus above all on the purpo of the translation， which determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Vermeer regards it as an “offer of information” that is partly or wholly turned into an “offer of information” for the target audience. From this view, the status of the source is clearly much lower in Skopos theory than the equivalence theory。
Ⅰ。Introduction of the Skopos Theory
Skopos theory is the nucleus of German Functional School。 The main idea of Skopos theory is that translators should hold the thought from the perspective of the target readers during the process of translation. Therefore, translators should bear in mind what the function of translation text is， what the target readers' demand is and even what communicative situation is。 Conquently, the choice of translation strategies is decided by the purpo of the translation text,in order to achieve a better function text.
There are three main rules which are skopos rule， coherence rule and fidelity rule。
上火了吃什么降火最快 1.Skopos Rule
Skopos is a Greek word for”aim"or"purpo”. "The top-ranking rule for any translation is thus the'skopos rule’,which means that a translation action is determined by its skopos；that is，'the end justifies the means’"by Reiss and Vermeer.网课迟到理由
梦见种菜是什么意思
Vermeer also stress on many occasions that the skopos rule is a general rule,and translation strategies and methods are determined by the purpo and the intended function of the target text。
2。Coherence Rule
The coherence rule states that the target text "must be interpretable as coherent with the target text receiver’s situation".In other words,the target text must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target text receivers,given their circumstances and knowledge.
In terms of coherence rule，the source text is no longer of most authority but only part of the translation beliefe。It is only an offer of information for the translator，who in turn picks out what he considers to be meaningful in the receiver’s situation.
2.Fidelity Rule
Translation is a preceding offer of information。 It is expected to bear some relationship with the corresponding source text。Vermeer calls this relationship ”intertextual coherence” or ”fidelity"。 This is postulated as a further principle, referred to as the ”fidelity rule” by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984。The fidelity rule merely states that there must be coherence between the translated version and the source text
4。The Relationship among the Rules
Fidelity rule is considered subordinate to coherence rule,and both are subordinate to the skopos rule。If the skopos requires a change of function，the criterion will no longer be fidelity to the source text but adequacy or appropriateness with regard to the skopos。And if the skopos demands intra—textual incoherence,the standard of coherence rule is no longer vivid.
