The American Court System 美国法院系统
四大民间传说是哪四个（Three-level Court Systems）
Unlike most countries in the world, actually, there are fifty-two court systems in America—one for each of the fifty states, one for the District of Columbia, plus a federal [ˈfedərəl] system—similarities abound. The state court systems are established according to the constitution of each state. The federal courts are not superior [su:ˈpiəriə, sju:-] to the state courts; they are simply independent systems of courts, which derives its authority from Article 3, Section2, of the U.S. Constitution. Although state court systems differ, Exhibit3-1 illustrates the basic organizational structure characteristic of the court system in many states. The exhibit also shows how federal court system is structured.
与世界上大多数的国家不同，事实上，美国拥有52个法院系统——50个州每州一个，还有一个是哥伦比亚特区，再加上一个联邦法院系统——它们都是相似的。美国州的法院系统是依据各州的宪法而确立的。联邦法院不是各州的最高法院；他们是相对独立的法院系统，联邦法院起源的依据是美国联邦宪法第三条第二款的授权。虽然各州的法院系统各有不同，如图
漳州师范
表3-1所阐释的各州法院的基本组织结构特征。这个图标同样显示出了联邦法院系统是怎样构成的。
1. State court System 州法院体系
猪肉炖Typically, a state court system will include veral levels, or tiers, of courts. State courts may include (1) trial courts of limited jurisdiction [ˌdʒuərisˈdikʃən], (2) trial [ˈtraiəl] courts of general jurisdiction, (3) appellate courts, and (4) the state’s highest court (often called the state supreme court). Generally, any person who is a party to a lawsuit has the opportunities to plead the ca before a trial court and then, if he or she los, before at least one level of appellate court. Finally, if a federal statute or federal constitutional issue is involved in the decision of the state Supreme [su:ˈpri:m, sju:-] Court, that decision can be further pleaded before the Federal Supreme Court.
枯树枝创意手工就典型的来说，美国州的法院体系有若干个层级或审级。州法院体系可能包括(1)拥有有限司法管辖权的初审法院,(2)具有普遍管辖权的初审法院,(3)上诉法院,(4)各州的最高法院。一般来说，案件的任何一方当事人都有申请初审法院予以审理案件的权利，而后，如果他或
她败诉，还可以将案件上诉至上诉法院。最后，如果州最高法院的判决涉及到联邦制定法和联邦宪法性的事项，那么，这个判决还可以被上诉至联邦最高法院。
a. Trial Courts 初审法院
Trial courts are exactly what their name implies, courts in which trials are held and testimony [ˈtestiməni] taken. State trial courts have either general or limited jurisdiction. Trial courts that have general jurisdiction as to subject matter may be called county, district, superior [su:ˈpiəriə, sju:-], or circuit [ˈsə:kit] courts. The jurisdiction of the courts is often determined by the size of the county in which the courts sit. State trial courts of general jurisdiction have jurisdiction over a wide variety of subjects, including both civil disputes and criminal procutions. In some cas, trial courts of general jurisdiction may hear appeals from courts of limited jurisdiction.
初审法院正如其名称所述，是进行审判和采集证据的法院。州初审法院有普遍和有限司法管辖权之分。拥有普遍管辖权的初审法院就受理的诉讼标的的不同分别叫做郡县法院，地区法院，高级法院和巡回法院。这些法院所拥有的司法管辖权范围是该法院所在郡县的大
小来决定的。具有普遍管辖权的州初审法院对各种事物都有管辖权，包括民事争议和刑事指控。在某些案件中，具有普遍管辖权的州法院可以受理具有有限司法管辖权的法院的上诉案件。慰藉的意思是什么
和歌山大学
Some courts of limited jurisdiction are called special inferior [inˈfiəriə] trial courts or minor judiciary [dʒu:ˈdiʃəl] courts. Small claims courts are inferior trial courts that hear only civil cas involving claims of less than a certain amount, such as $5,000 (the amount varies from state to state). Suits brought in small claims courts are generally conducted informally, and lawyers are not even allowed to reprent peoples in small claims courts for most purpos. Another example of an inferior trial court is a local municipal [mju:ˈnisipəl] court that hears mainly traffic cas. Decisions of small claims courts and municipal courts may be appealed to a state trial court of general jurisdiction.
一些有限管辖权的法院被称为特殊低级法院或者是次级法院。小额索赔法院都是只听取包括数额在某一特定范围内如5000美元以下索赔的民事案件的低级法院（这个一定数额各州不尽相同）。小额索赔法院受理的诉讼案通常都采用的是非正式审理，并且在许多事项上,
甚至不允许律师代表出庭。低级初审法院的另一种形式是主要负责处理交通案件的地方市镇法庭。小额索赔法院和市镇法院的判决可以上诉至具有普遍管辖权的州初审法院。
阔腿裤配什么鞋Other courts of limited jurisdiction as to subject matter include domestic relations courts, which handle only divorce actions and child-custody [ˈkʌstədi] cas, and probate courts.
另外，有限管辖权法院还包括根据受理的诉讼标的不同包括只处理离婚的诉讼，子女监护权案件的家庭关系法院和遗产检验法庭。
b. Courts of Appeals 上诉法院
莫说相公痴Every state has at least one court of appeals (appellate court, or reviewing court), which may be an intermediate appellate court or the state’s highest court. About three-fourths of the states have intermediate appellate courts. Generally, courts of appeals do not conduct new trials, in which evidence is submitted to the court and witness are examined. Rather, an appellate court panel of three or more judges reviews the record of the ca on appeal, which includes a transcript of the trial proceedings, and determines whether the trial court committed an error.
