TABLE OF CONTENTS
FAQs: referencing & plagiarism 1
Specific guidelines in-text citations
paraphras
direct quotations 2 3 3
Specific guidelines reference lists 4 Examples: in-text & reference list citations 7 Sample reference list 14 Excerpts from a paper highlighting in-text citations 15
FAQs
SPECIFIC GUIDELINES
• When using a referencing system for in-text citations and a reference list , you must u the appropriate formatting elements.
吉他和弦指法• Formatting refers to the u of layout and punctuation, including spacing, indenting, lower and upper ca letters, period or full stops, colons, micolons, commas, brackets and
italics. The formatting elements are ud to clearly and consistently prent in-text citations and a reference list in your written work.
• The examples throughout this guide indicate the formatting you should u.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Each time you u an author's words or ideas in your writing, you must place a citation in the text. This applies to both direct quotations and paraphras. It is
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important to place the in-text citation directly in, or immediately after, the ntence or clau which us information or ideas from a source. It is not adequate to put the in-text citation at the end of the paragraph becau this indicates that only the
information in the last ntence belongs to the source.
The basic in-text citation is very similar for all types of sources. However, the type of source being cited cannot usually be identified until the reader looks at the reference list.
In-text citations in written work may appear either:
a) as part of a ntence
[ manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.}
[in-text citation ]
{paraphra }
The u of [ ] and { }, above, are for explanatory purpos only, and should NEVER
be ud in written assignments.
In the above example, the author is a grammatical part of the ntence and, in this instance, appears at the beginning of the ntence.
The above citation can also be placed in different positions in the ntence, for example: i. According to Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6), Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993. ii. Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers, according to Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6), have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.端午诗
b) or at the end of a ntence
i.Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of
domestic market share since 1993 (Jayanthakumaran 2001, p. 6).
The conventions apply to authors and authoring bodies or organizations of all types of sources.
It is often uful to vary the citation styles, e.g., as part of a ntence or at the end of a
ntence. Varying citation styles may allow for better linking between ntences and
between ideas. It also allows for different emphasis – either on the topic or the author. Paraphras
Paraphras occur when you read a source and u the information in your assignment, but rephra or write the information in your own words.大什么流什么成语
人教版六年级i.Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6) states that Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF)
manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.
This example is a paraphra and it needs to be cited.
The abnce of double quotation marks (“ ”) informs the reader this is a paraphra.
It is expected that you will extensively rearch and u information found in sources.
However, it is also expected that most of the information from the sources will be
paraphrad, that is, written in your own words.
Direct quotations
天上一个月亮Direct quotations are ud when you want to u some words exactly as they are found in the source.
If you rely on a source and u the exact words in your assignment, you must indicate this by the u of double quotation marks (“ ”). The indicate a direct quotation.
Direct quotations need to be as brief as possible. They should only be ud occasionally and only for good reasons, for example, when:
•the author’s words convey a powerful meaning that cannot be paraphrad with the same effect
•you u the author as an authoritative voice in your own writing
纹理烫图片•you introduce an author’s position which you want to discuss
•you need to provide supporting points or evidence for your own position.
Generally, direct quotations in the text are placed within your own ntences.
i.Innes and Warburton (1998, p. 69) report that “employment in the TCF ctor fell by more
than 40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001”.
ii.As Innes and Warburton (1998, p. 69) report, “employment in the TCF ctor fell by more than 40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001”.
With direct quotations only, page numbers may also be parated and placed at the end of the direct
quotation:
i.Innes and Warburton (1998) report that “employment in the TCF ctor fell by more than
40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001” (p. 69).
ii.As Innes and Warburton (1998) report, “employment in the TCF ctor fell by more than
40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001” (p. 69).
Page numbers or paragraph numbers should be provided in in-text citations for both
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direct quotations and paraphras.
