一、 About repetition
（一）冗余词
1.好的写作通常言简意赅。
Careful writers say what they mean in as few words as possible. -----p1 The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
2.冗余词的词义在句子的其他成分中已有体现。包含或隐含义。
Superfluous/unnecessary words (冗余词) they are redundant becau their n is already included or implied in some other element of the ntence
e.g.Harvest implies agriculture harvest in agriculture （X）
充当动词语义的形容词或名词均应提高至动词词性？吸附
adjective or nouns that do the verb work should be promoted to the rank of verb.
Duplicate the n/add nothing to
3.对于重复语义的用词：例如，形容词本就是描述其修饰名词的特征，通常附有“in nature” 等范畴词。刘书强
Any adjective describes the “nature” or “character” of the noun it modifies. E.g., the hardships are temporary in nature （X）
4.冗余词不影响语义，删除该类词，并不有损语义，反而使语义更明晰
some unnecessary words add nothing to the meaning of the ntence, when they are deleted the n is not diminished, only clarified.
5.不必要的修饰词-加强词：用一个能有力且准确地表达加强语与虚词两者语义的词。
Unnecessary modifiers – intensifiers: find a strong, preci word that by itlf will convey the meaning of both the intensifier and the weak word. Eg., extremely important=esntial, imperative, vital, indispensable, crucial
(二)重复的作用
崇组词语1.中文中的重复/重叠情况更为常见。一般用于消除模糊性（去模糊化）、加强语义、形成语言均衡感以及对称感，或仅是满足听觉需要。
About repetition/duplication is apparently in山东大学外国语学院 Chine: It may be necessary to avoid ambiguity, to reinforce meaning, to provide balance and symmetry, or just to satisfy the ear.
2.而英文中，如非修辞强调或重述要旨，则不应在相同段落重复语义。
“Unless for rhetorical emphasis, or necessary recapitulation (重述要旨)， no idea should be prented more than once in the same pro passage
3.强调的作用：在诗歌中，用于阐明语义、加以强调、增强幽默效果，否则将引来不适或干扰内容的呈现。
Role of repetition：in poetry, for example, or for clarity, emphasis, or humorous effect, otherwi, it is perceived as an annoyance and a distraction from the content.
4.处理方法：改变说法
Changing the wording
（1）原则上，在中译英中，删减重复句段与否仅仅是技巧问题，即准确地传达语义。事实上，译者需要更多地考虑文本的特征以及目标受众。考虑该文章是针对一般杂志的大众读者，或是受外国外交部或企业总部密切关注的官方声明？是一篇自发评论，还是一篇现成演讲稿的引用？
In principle, the decision to cut or not to cut should be made on purely technical considerations---how best to convey the n of the Chine in English. In practice, however, you may feel obliged to take into account the nature of the text and its intended audience.
Is it an article addresd to the casual readers of a general interest magazine, or is it an official pronouncement that will be cloly studied abroad in foreign ministries or corporate headquarters? Is this just a spontaneous remark, or is it a quotation from a prepared speech?
简爱经典片段
（2）在这种情况下，译者可通过改变说法的方式，避免明显的重复。
In that ca, you may still try to make the repetition less obtrusive (扎眼的、过分炫耀的) by a change of wording.
有关原文语义或原作意图：
译者的职责并不是仅仅找到与原文中文对应的英文，而且应该是能够准确传达作者意图传达给读者的信息。以传达中文作者的风格、然非同等程度，而是相同的价值。
About the translation of meaning or intention of the writer:
The professional responsibility of the translator is not to trade English words for Chine equivalents but to lect tho English words that “convey to the reader the meaning of the writer.” It is to give Chine authors fair exchange for their characters, not in equal measure but in equal value.
二、About noun plague名词滥用
（一） 名词冗余帮忙造句
1. 抽象名词的模糊性。缺乏具体的主语或宾语，“XX”语义模糊、不固定。名词转换为动词，将“xx”附于直接宾语，因此避免误解语义。将名词转换为动词，其后紧跟直接宾语，语义清晰。
A classic example of the ambiguity of abstract nouns. “Analysis” is a vague, floating notion, without either subject or object (who analysis? Of what?). The noun was changed to verb, this anchored “analysis” to a direct object and thus made the meaning unmistakable. Changing the noun to a verb can help specify a direct object that made the meaning clear.
2.修订不仅更简明且直接，并且阐明重点-----将“XX”置于句尾，表强调。当无法通过语境判断“XXX”的主语时，需要将主语模糊化。
The revision is not only simpler and more direct, but has the further advantage of placing the important point----“XX” in the place of emphasis, at the end of ntence.
When it is impossible to tell from the context just who it was “XXX” the polishers had to leave the subject vague.
3.用动名词代替模棱两可的语言Ambiguous phra was spelled out/ recast/ converted with a gerund.
（二）名词滥用
1. 简明英语以动词表达为主。动词简单、简练、有力且最重要的是清晰。中式英语以名词表达为主---普遍模糊而抽象的名词。名词不仅复杂啰嗦、而且笨重晦涩。
Plain English is a language bad on verbs. It is simple, conci, vigorous and, above all, clear. Chinglish is a language bad on nouns --- vague, general, abstract nouns. It is complicated, long-winded （啰嗦的）, ponderous（笨重的） and obscure.
2. 课后感想怎么写过度依赖名词，不用动词，将导致语言抽象化、广义化、模糊化。大众也常用抽象名词，以加强其权威性和科学性。在修改译文时，建议使用主动语态的有力动词，以及日常用语中的具体名词。即，转抽象为具体
>茹素
