Figures of speech修辞
Simile, metaphor, personification, synecdoche, anticlimax, metonymy, repetition, exaggeration, euphemism, antonomasia, parody.
A word or phra ud in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect. (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary)
A figure of speech is a word or phra using figurative language—language that has other meaning than its normal definition.
In other words, figures of speeches rely on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition.
We express and develop them through hundreds of different rhetorical techniques, from specific types like metaphors and similes, to more general forms like sarcasm and slang. (literaryterms/figures-of-speech/)
语音修辞格
1.Alliteration头韵
Slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station 2
But later my hair began to fall out , and my belly turned to water .I felt sick ,and ever since then they have been testing and treating me .(alliteration) 2
...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home 6
...with a dash and daring (6)
And a recklessness of cost or conquences (6)
Bleached and barren 13
On a less practical plane 13
Clear of cloud 13
I would never have believed in the simple bliss of being 13
The hiss of sudden spray 13
2.Onomatopoeia拟声
Onomatopoeia is defined as a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing.
捣衣It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting. (literarydevices/onomatopoeia/)
Functions:
1、It gives rhythm to the text.
2、It appeals to the reader' ns.
Examples: smash, slashing rain, crack, snap (to break suddenly with a sharp sound) The hou detective clucked his tongue reprovingly. 3
团员思想汇报词语修辞格
1. Simile明喻
From the Latin word similis (meaning “similar, like”);
The comparison indicated by a simile will typically contain the words as or like Explicit comparison wi
th “like”, “as”, “as if (though)”,“em” “remble”, etc. My love is like a red, red ro.
I e also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish mass of the Hun soldiery plodding on like
a swarm of crawling locusts. (Simile)
A memory that emed phonographic 6
Most American remembers M. T. as the father of (6)
母亲的战争It is as in a moving picture 13
Dismissive as Pharie 13
As ntimental and nsitive as any old maid 13
Like delicate flowers 13
Gives a cry like a a-bird 13
As plead as children 13
Silent as a cat passing 13
The faint creaking as of the saddle-leather to a horman riding across turf 13
Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. Impresd with her they worshiped the well-turned phra, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye.
My skin is like an uncooked barley pancake.
She gasped like a bee had stung her.
2. Metaphor暗喻
1.定义
From the Greek word metapherein (“to transfer”)
A metaphor is ud in place of something：My love is a red ro.
2.书上例子
As Camille lashed northwestward 1
We can batten down and get it out. 1
Wind and rain now whipped the hou. 1
Now Darrow sprang his trump card 4
Mark Twain --- Mirror of America 6
马克·吐温是美国的一面镜子。（用镜子比喻美国的现实，很贴切。）
Saw clearly ahead a black wall of night (6)
Main artery of transportation 6
The epidemic of gold and silver fever 6比作瘟疫
...flickered (6)
The words spat forth with sudden savagery.
The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.
Her voice was a whiplash.
As a result the nerves of both the Duke and Duchess were excessively frayed when the muted buzzer of the outer door eventually sounded. (Metaphor)
A new Clovis 13
An Endymion young and strong 13
The lazy satin of blue 13
The red ball (sun) 13
Churchill, he reverted to this theme, and I asked whether for him, the arch
anti-communist, this was not bowing down in the Hou of Rimmon. (Metaphor) 14 Be rounded up in hordes 14
Except appetite and racial domination 14
Still smarting from many a British whipping 14
From his yoke 14
But all this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding. (Metaphor)
I e the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from time immemorial. (Metaphor)
I e the German bombers and fighters in the sky, street smarting from many a British whipping to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. (Metaphor) …experimented with his new writing muscles…
(metaphor: not so specific as “pen”to be related to “writing”)
3. Personification拟人
1.定义
Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing – an idea or an animal – is given human attribut
es. The non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings.
Consider the following examples：
1. The electrical systems had been killed by water.
2. She (the cat, spooky) peered nervously at her litter.
2.书上例子
Lifted the entire roof off the hou 1
It ized and dumped 1
Personal tragedy haunted his entire life. 6
...to literature's enduring gratitude (6)
The grave world smiles as usual (6)
The young moon lies on her back tonight. 13
4. Anti-climax
1.定义
It is a rhetorical device that can be defined as a disappointing situation, or a sudden transition in discour from an important idea to a ludicrous or trivial one. It is when, at a specific point, expectations are raid, everything is built-up, and then suddenly something boring or disappointing happens — this is an anti-climax.
How is anti-climax realized in the text?
Rising expectation + rising anxiety and agitation + a sudden turn:
The u of comparatives + dash + something unexpected
上升的期望+上升的焦虑和骚动+突然的转变：
使用比较+破折号+意外的东西
2.书上例子
“Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its-oysters”.
(Anti-climax)----P15, L2.
5. Metonymy借代
1.定义
The substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the turf for hor racing.
Such as "crown" in “lands belonging to the crown”/
white hou for the administrative branch of the U.S. government…
What do “little old Japan”, “the kimono”,“the miniskirt” stand for?
控制近义词2.书上例子
Between the kimono and the miniskirt 2
Won 100 at the tables 3
lost it at the bar 3
. ...his pen would prove mightier than his pickax 6
(Metonymy: writing --mining)
He ud to read me. 读我的文章13
I have never read Li Bai. (Metonymy: poems written by Li Bai)
…took over an immen range of tasks from men’s muscles…
(Metonymy: manual labor, physical labor)
The ca had erupted round my head.
邻里一家亲…I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
(Metonymy: emotions/feelings ---reason/thought)
…
I was not one to let my heart rule my head.芍药花期
(Metonymy: emotions/feelings ---reason/thought)
7. Synecdoche 提喻用局部代表全部
1.定义
1.It is a figure of speech in which a word or term is ud to refer to a whole thing or
vice versa.
2.It cloly related to metonymy, sometimes considered to be its subclass.
3.Referring to a characteristic of a person for the person itlf,
Like 'the gray beard' for an old person.
主要包括四种情况:
(1) 用种代表类;(2) 用类代表种; (3) 用局部代表全部;
(4) 用构成某东西的材料代表那样东西。
Describing a vehicle as 'wheels'.
He has many mouths to feed.
There are so many pairs of hands working there.
All eyes were on him.生炒
Using the term 'bug' for any kind of inct or small creature.
Using 'John Hancock' for the signature of any person.
Using a well-known generic term for a certain related thing, like calling any kind of cola 'Coke'.
Saying 'lead' for bullets, 'plastic' for credit cards, 'willow' for cricket bat, etc.
提喻与转喻的区别在于:
21克的爱情
“当两样事物互相没有隶属关系但又关系很紧密,
说到其中一样就使人很快联想起另一样来的是转喻；
两者之间有隶属关系或用局部代替全部或用全部代替局部的就是提喻。”
2.书上例子
There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more rious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated. (Synecdoche)------P15, L2
The obe body shook 3
The ca had erupted round my head. 4
(Synecdoche: part of one’s body)
We need 200 hands to help us to finish this sophisticated installation.
(synecdoche: part of one’s body )
He is Mark Twain of the 21st century.
(Synecdoche: an individual or concrete for a class or abstract)
