Unit 1A Short History of Western Painting
西方绘画艺术简史
Unit 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
豆条
Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As(因为) there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Conquently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.
The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD)
During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to reprent religious themes. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as(正如) they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of (充满了) religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began
to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.
The Renaissance(15th to 16th century)
During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced tho held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and 无花果茶adopt a more humanistic看电影的好处 attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to posss their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great hous. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themlves, their hous and posssions as well as their activities and achievements.
One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first ud by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that(相信) they were looking through a hole in a wall 思政论文at小康家庭 a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, n
o one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence(偶然), oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours ud in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not恶之花 be able to e the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.
Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century)
In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal(很多，表程度), from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes also大屏幕手机推荐 led to(导致) new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from(脱离) the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris. The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to 二氧化氮与水反应的化学方程式(渴望做)show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, becau natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to
paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as tho of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about (对…生气)it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.
Modern Art(29th century to today)
At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as (作为…被接受) the beginning of what we call "modern art". This is becau the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of(几十种) modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of the painting styles might not exist. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to(打算做) paint objects as we e them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to reprent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs.
The styles are so different. Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?
西方艺术风格变化较大，而中国艺术风格变化较小。人们的生活方式和信仰影响了艺术。中国和欧洲不同，生活方式在长时间里相似。西方艺术丰富多彩，仅凭一篇短短的课文难以描述全面。所以，本篇课文仅描述了从公元5世纪开始的几种主要风格。
中世纪（公元5世纪到15世纪）
在中世纪，画家的主要任务是表现宗教主题。艺术家们并没有把兴趣放在呈现人和自然的真实面貌上，而是着力于体现对上帝的爱戴和敬重。因此，这段时期的绘画充满着宗教的信条。到13世纪时，情况已经开始发生变化，像乔托这样的画家以比较现实的风格来画宗教场景。
文艺复兴时期（15世纪到16世纪）
在文艺复兴时期，新的思想和价值观取代了中世纪的那一套，人们开始更关心人而不是宗教。画家们回到了罗马、希腊的艺术理论上。他们尽力地画出人和自然的真实面貌。富人
们想为自己的宫殿和豪宅收藏艺术品，他们高价聘请著名艺术家来为自己画画，画自己的房屋和其他财物，画他们的活动，画他们的成就。
在这个阶段，最重要的发现之一是如何用透视法来画出事物的形象。在1428年，马萨乔成为第一个在绘画中使用透视方法的人，当人们第一次看到他的画时，还以为是透过墙上的小孔，来观看真实的情景，并对此深信不疑。如果没有透视法，人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画，在文艺复兴时期，油画也得到了发展，它使得色彩看上去更丰富，更深沉。
印象派时期（19世纪后期到20世纪初期）
19世纪后期，欧洲发生了巨大的变化，从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为主的社会。许多人从农村迁入城市。有着大量的新发明，还有许多社会变革。这些变革也自然而然地导致了绘画风格上的变化。那些打破传统画法的人有在巴黎生活和工作的印象派画家。
印象派画家是第一批室外写生的艺术家。他们想把一天中不同时间投射到物体上的光线和阴影画出来。由于自然光的变化很快，所以，印象派画家必须很快地作画。因此，他们的画就不像以前那些画家的画那样细致了，起初，多数人都看不惯这种新式画法，甚至还非常生气。他们说这些画家作画时心不在焉，粗枝大叶，他们的作品更是荒唐。
