逾珈
1.
psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the u of language. As an interdisciplinary academic field bad on psychology and linguistics, psycholinguistics investigates the six following subjects: language acquisition, language comprehension, language production, language disorders, language and thought, and cognitive architecture of language, The most important rearch subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production.
language acquisition: Language acquisition is one of the central topics in psycholinguistics. Acquiring a first language is something every child does successfully, in a matter of a few years and without the need for formal lessons. Four phas are identified and acknowledged in the process of language acquisition: holophrastic stage, two-word stage, three-word utterances, and, Fluent grammatical conversation stage.
holophrastic stage: Holophrastic stage is the first pha of language acquisition. The main li
购房契税nguistic accomplishments during this stage are control of the speech musculature and nsitivity to the phonetic distinctions ud in the parents' language. Shortly before their first birthday, babies begin to understand words, and around that birthday, they start to produce them. At this stage, words are usually produced in isolation; this one-word stage can last from two months to a year. About half the words are for objects: food, body parts, clothing, vehicles, toys, houhold items, animals. There are words for actions, motions, and routines.
微笑说再见>虐心短篇小说two-word stage: Two-word stage is the cond pha of language acquisition. Around 18 months, the child begins to learn words at a rate of one every two waking hours, and keeps learning that rate or faster through adolescence. The primitive syntax begins with two-word strings. Children announce when objects appear, disappear, and move about, point out their properties and owners, comment on people doing things and eing things, reject and request objects and activities, and ask about who, what, and where. The quences already reflect the language being acquired: in 95% of them, the words are properly ordered.
three-word utterances: Three-word utterances stage is the third pha of language acquisition. Three-word utterances look like samples drawn from longer potential ntences expressing a complete and more complicated idea. For example, although the children never produced a ntence as complicated as Mother gave John lunch in the kitchen, they did produce strings containing all of its components in the correct order.
connectionism: With respect to language comprehension, connectionism in psycholinguistics claims that readers u the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to generate the pronunciations of written words and to access the pronunciations of familiar words, or words that are exceptions to the patterns. In this view, similarity and frequency play important roles in processing and comprehending language, with the novel items being procesd bad on their similarity to the known ones.
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cohort model: The cohort model is a suppod doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990, it is suggested that the first
few phonemes of a spoken word activate a t or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. The candidates compete with one another for activation. As more acoustic input is analyzed, candidates that are no longer consistent with the input drop out of the t. This process continues until only one word candidate matches the input; the best fitting word may be chon if no single candidate is a clear winner.
interactive model: The interactive model holds that in recognizing the spoken words higher processing levels have a direct, “top-down” influence on lower levels. Lexical knowledge can affect the perception of phonemes. There is interactivity in the form of lexical effects on the perception of sublexical units. In certain cas, listeners’ knowledge of words can lead to the inhibition of certain phonemes; in other cas, listeners continue to “hear” phonemes that have been removed from the speech signal and replaced by noi.
race model: The race model suggests in spoken word recognition there are two routes that race each other -- a pre-lexical route, which computes phonological information from
显卡在哪看the acoustic signal, and a lexical route, in which the phonological information associated with a word becomes available when the word itlf is accesd. When word-level information appears to affect a lower-level process, it is assumed that the lexical route won the race.
rial model: Serial model propos that the ntence comprehension system continually and quentially follows the constraints of a language’s grammar with remarkable speed. Serial model describes how the processor quickly constructs one or more reprentations of a ntence bad on a restricted range of information that is guaranteed to be relevant to its interpretation, primarily grammatical information. Any such reprentation is then quickly interpreted and evaluated, using the full range of information that might be relevant.三顾茅庐的道理
