1.In a short essay, discuss the difference between efficiency and effectiveness and include a specific example to support each concept.
红领巾的意义
a. Efficiency refers to getting the most output from the least amount of inputs. Becau managers deal with scarce inputs—including resources such as people, money, and equipment—they are concerned with the efficient u of resources. For instance, at the Beiersdorf Inc. factory in Cincinnati, where employees make body braces and supports, canes, walkers, crutches, and other medical assistance products, efficient manufacturing techniques were implemented by doing things such as cutting inventory levels, decreasing the amount of time needed to manufacture products, and lowering product reject rates. From this perspective, efficiency is often referred to as “doing things right”—that is, not wasting resources.
b. Effectiveness is often described as “doing the right things”—that is, tho work activities that will help the organization reach its goals. For instance, at the Beiersdorf factory, goals included open communication between managers and employees and cutting costs. Throu
gh various work programs, the goals were pursued and achieved. Whereas efficiency is concerned with the means of getting things done, effectiveness is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals.
2．In a short essay, list an explain the four basic functions of management.
Answer(pg11): Planning:mangement founction that involves defining goals,estabiashing strategies for achieving tho goals and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.
Organising:management founction that involves determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them,how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made.
Leading:management founction that involves motivating subordinates, influencing individuals or teams as they work, lecting the most effective communication channels or dealing in any way with employee behaviour issues.
上行文格式
党政群Controlling:management founction that involves monitoring actual to standard and taking action if necessary.
一说是什么意思
3．In a short essay, explain the four approaches that organisations can take with respect to environmental issues.
The first approach simply is doing what is required legally: the legal approach. Under this approach, organizations exhibit little environmental nsitivity. They obey laws, rules, and regulations willingly and without legal challenge, and they may even try to u the law to their own advantage, but that’s the extent of their being green. This approach is a good illustration of social obligation: The organizations simply are following their legal obligations of pollution prevention and environmental protection. As an organization becomes more aware of and nsitive to environmental issues, it may adopt the market approach. In this approach, organizations respond to the environmental preferences of their customers. Whatever customers demand in terms of environmentally friendly products will be what the organization provides. Under the next approach, the stakehold
er approach, the organization choos to respond to multiple demands made by stakeholders. Under the stakeholder approach, the green organization will work to meet the environmental demands of groups such as employees, suppliers, or the community. Both the market approach and the stakeholder approach are good illustrations of social responsiveness. Finally, if an organization pursues an activist approach, it looks for ways to respect and prerve the earth and its natural resources. The activist approach exhibits the highest degree of environmental nsitivity and is a good illustration of social responsibility.
4.List the factors that influence the strength of an organization’s culture and discuss the impact of a strong culture on employees.
马祖道a.size of the organization
b.how long it has been around
c.how much turnover there has been among employees电影尺度
d.intensity with which the culture was originated
感冒药喝酒
e.clear to employees what is important and what is not important
5.Compare and contrast the ideas social obligation an social responsiveness.
The more employees accept the organization’s key values and the greater their commitment to tho values, the stronger the culture is. Strong cultures have a greater influence on employees than do weak cultures and are associated with high organizational performance. Strong culture also enhances performances Explanation of this is that if values are clear and widely accepted, employees know what they’re suppod to do and what’s expected of them so they can act quickly to take care of problems, thus preventing any potential performance decline.
舟的成语6.In a short essay, discuss the assumption of raionality and the validity of tho assumption.
Answer
A decision maker who was perfectly rational would be fully objective and logical. He or she would carefully define a problem and would have a clear and specific goal. Moreover, making decisions using rationality would consistently lead toward lecting the alternative that maximizes the likelihood of achieving that goal. The assumptions of rationality apply to any decision. Rational managerial decision making assumes that decisions are made in the best economic interests of the organization. That is, the decision maker is assumed to be maximizing the organization’s interests, not his or her own interests. Managerial decision making can follow rational assumptions if the following conditions are met: the manager is faced with a simple problem in which the goals are clear and the alternatives limited; the time pressures are minimal; the cost of eking out and evaluating alternatives is low; the organizational culture supports innovation and risk taking; and outcomes are relatively concrete and measurable. However, most decisions that managers face in the real world don’t meet all of tho tests.
