Guan Zhong (Chine: 管仲; Wade–Giles: Kuan Chung) (c. 720-645 BC) was a chancellor and reformer of the State of Qi 咖啡有哪几种during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chine history.[1] 利润空间His given name was Yíwú (夷吾). Zhong was his courtesy name橘子英语怎么说. Recommended by Bao Shuya, he was appointed Prime Minister by Duke Huan of Qi in 685 BC. Through Guan Zhong's reforms and skilful diplomacy Qi became the most powerful of the feudal states and Duke Huan lord protector over the feudal lords. Though knowledge of his reforms is limited, in particular he instituted a famous fiscal policy known as "balancing the light and the heavy", associated with salt and iron monopolies.[2]Though otherwi a diver work, the Guanzi compilation making u of his name makes similar such recommendations.[3]
管仲（中文名：管仲；韦氏拼音：Kuan Chung）(约公元前720-公元前645)是中国历史上春秋时期齐国的一位大臣和改革家。名夷吾，字仲。公元前685年，在鲍叔牙的举荐下，他被齐桓公任命为齐国的宰相。经过管仲的改革和出色的外交能力，齐国成为诸国中最强大的国家而齐桓公称霸诸侯。尽管对他改革的了解有限，但值得一提的是他推行了一项著名的叫“平衡轻重”经济政策，这项政策与盐、铁垄断有关。尽管以管仲命名的书---《管子》包罗万象，但同样提供了他改革的信息。
Translator Allyn Rickett considers that, "judging what was said of him in the Zuo zhuan, he could qualify, at least in most respects, as an ideal Guan Zhong is reported to have advid Duke Huan: 'Summon the wavering with courtesy and cherish the remote with virtuous conduct. So long as your virtuous conduct and courtesy never falter, there will be no one who does not cherish you.'" When Duke Huan was approached to dethrone the ruling clans of his state, Guan Zhong advid him that that he had won their adherence through politeness(li) and trustworthiness(xin).
翻译者李克（中文名）认为：“根据《左传》关于管仲的记载来看，他有资格被称为理想的儒家大臣，据说管仲曾建议齐桓公：‘臣闻之,招携以礼精神卫生日,怀远以德,德礼不易,无人不怀。’”当齐桓公准备篡位夺取政权时，管仲建议他应该通过礼貌和德行来赢得民心。
During the time of Confucius, when his students criticized Guan Zhong as lacking propriety Confucius said of him that "Through having Guan Zhong as his minister Duke Huan became protector over the feudal lords. He brought unity and order to the entire realm so that even today people people enjoy his gifts to them" and that "It was due to G
uan Zhong that Duke Huan was able to asmble the feudal lords on numerous occasions without resorting to the u of his war chariots. Such was his goodness!"[4]
在孔子时期,他的学生批评管仲不懂礼节，孔子说“管仲相恒公，霸诸侯，一匡天下，民到于今受其赐”,“桓公九合诸侯，不以兵车，管仲之力也， 如其仁， 如其仁！”
Becau some of his reforms might be considered purely administrative (as oppod to Confucianism, which "aspired to produce orderly rule solely through the charismatic excellence of the aristocratic leaders of the state")[5] translator Allyn Ricket writes that later Confucian historians disparagingly identified Guan Zhong with the Legalist school, even though actually legalistic (that is, "Fa" or method-bad)[6] philosophy did not develop until hundreds of years later.
因为他的一些改革被视为纯粹的行政管理(与“希望仅仅通过国家的贵族领导者的卓越魅力产生有序规则”的儒家思想相反)，翻译者李克写道后来的儒家学者不屑地认为管仲是属于法家学派的,尽管事实上法是(即“法”或方法论)直到管仲之后数百年后才发展起来的。
Achievements
Guan Zhong started multiple reforms in the State of Qi. Politically, he centralized power and divided the state into different villages, each carrying out a specific trade. Instead of relying on the traditional aristocracy for manpower, he applied levies to the village units directly. He also developed a better method for choosing talent to be governors. Under Guan Zhong, Qi shifted administrative responsibility from hereditary aristocrats to professional bureaucrats. He is also credited for creating the first official government sponsored brothel known as "女市" which funded the government treasury.
成就
管仲开始在齐国实施各种改革。在政治上,他集中政权,将国家分成不同的乡镇,每个乡实行指定的交易。不是依靠传统贵族的力量,他直接到乡里征税。他还采用一种更好的方法来选拔人才当官员。在管仲的改革下,齐从世袭贵族制转向专业人才官僚制。他还因创建第一个官方开设被称为“女市”的妓院被称赞，这个妓院为国库提供了资金来源。
Under Guan's guidance veral important economic reforms were introduced . He created a uniform tax code and also ud state power to encourage the production of Salt and Iron. Historians usually credit Guan Zhong for introducing state monopolies controlling salt and iron.
在管仲的指导下，齐国采取了几项重要的经济改革。他还创建了统一的税法,动用国家力量鼓励生产的盐和铁。历史学家认为管仲通过国家垄断控制盐和铁的销售。历史学家们称赞管仲能通过国家垄断来控制盐和铁的生产。涨价
During his term of office, the state of Qi became much stronger. The Zuo Zhuan records that in 660 BC, Guan Zhong urged Duke Huan of Qi 书包的自述to attack the small neighboring State of Xing which was under attack from Quan Rong nomads. Later, in 652 BC he advid the duke not to ally with a vassal ruler's son who wished to depo his father. Duke Huan often listened to Guan Zhong's sound advice such that his status amongst other Zhou vassal states ro. As a result, the duke came to be recognized as the first Hegemon or leader of the vassal alliance.[1]
在管仲上任期间,齐国变得越来越强大。据《左传》记载,公元前660年，管仲敦促齐桓王攻打周边的小国邢国，它正遭受犬荣游牧民族的袭击。后来,公元前652年，他建议公爵不要与那些想取代他们父亲地位的诸侯的儿子联盟。齐桓王一直听管仲的忠告,所以他的地位在其他周诸侯国中上升。因此,齐桓公被公认为是第一个霸主、诸侯联盟的领导人。
He is listed as the author of the Guanzi encyclopedia, actually a much later (of the late Warring States period) compilation of works from the scholars of the Jixia Academy.
他被列为《管子》百科全书的作者,实际上是后来的(战国时代末期)稷下学宫的学者编译的作品。
Guan Zhong advid the Duke of Qi to aid the small neighbouring state of Xing, which was under attack by non-Chine Rong tribes.[7]
In recognition of Guan Zhong's rvice, Duke Huan gave him the honorary title of "Godfather" 仲父. Same title was later given to Lü Buwei by Prince Zheng, the future Qin Shi Huang.
管仲建议齐桓公援助在遭受非中国的戎族部落的攻击的邢国。
为赞赏管仲的贡献,齐桓王尊称他为“仲父”。后来的秦始皇，政太子也给过吕不韦同样的称号。
In popular culture
Guan Zhong is one of 32 historical personages featured in the小木偶奇遇记 Koei game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI, where he is referred to as Guan Yiwu.
