跨⽂化交际复习题及答案（超全的）
判断题
T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline,
its history is only about fifty years. 作为⼀种现象， 跨⽂化传播已经存在了数千年。 然⽽， 作为⼀门学科， 它的历史只有⼤约五⼗年。神经内科出科小结
F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨⽂化交际是欧洲第⼀门学科
F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的 实体 while communication is a dynamic process. ⽂化是⼀个静态的实体 ⽽沟通是⼀个动态的过程
T 4 Culture can be en as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given约定的 特定的culture. ⽂化可以被看作是⼀种共享的知识，⼈们需要知道的是在⼀个特定的⽂化中扮演适当的⾏为
T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a person’s cultural cognition.认识、 认知⽂化刻板印象虽有其局限性， 但仍有助于⼈的⽂化认知。
T 6 In intercultural communication, we should parate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨⽂化交际中， 我们要把⾃⼰的个性和⽂化的泛化分开。
T 7 Cultural mistakes are more rious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to rious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals. ⽂化错误⽐语⾔错误更严重。 语⾔错误意味着有⼈不能充分表达⾃⼰的想法， ⽽⽂化上的错误会导致严重的误解， 甚⾄个⼈之间的不适感
F 8 All people of the same nationality will have the same culture. 所有同⼀民族的⼈都会有相同的⽂化
T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same. 虽然两国⽂化有着相同的想法， 但它们的意义和意义可能不⼀样
F 10 One’s actions are totally independent of his or her culture. 个⼈的⾏为完全独⽴于他或她的⽂化
II Comprehension Check
T 1、 All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly.
所有的⽂化都需要和价值的礼貌， 但礼貌的⽅式可能会有所不同
T_2、 Don’t take offence-getting the form of address ”wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. 不要拿“错误”的形式来攻击， 这是很难得的进攻
T_3、 Addressing forms like “Miss Mary”, ”Brown” by the Chine may be a form of cultural compromi.
解决形式如“玛丽⼩姐”， “棕⾊”由中国可能是⼀种⽂化妥协的形式。
T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be ud as titles. 上校， 上校， 上校， 可以⽤作头衔
F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means. 西⽅⼈能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的⼿段。
F6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯， 他是个律师， 律师道格拉斯。
F_7.Chine hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中国⼈对西⽅⼈的热情好客是⾮常赞赏的。
F_8.The Chine way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners. 西⽅⼈对中国⼈的关注往往受到西⽅⼈的赞赏。
F_9.”Thank you for coming!” is a typical expression ud by Western hosts when the guests just arrived. 谢谢你的到来！“当客⼈刚到的时候， 这是西⽅主⼈使⽤的⼀种典型的表达形式。
T_10.”I’m sorry to have wasted your time” or “I’m sorry to have taken up so much of your time” are usually appropriate for the business visit. 我很抱歉浪费了你的时间”或者“我很抱歉占⽤了你这么多时间”， 通常都是适合商务拜访的。
III Comprehension Check
T 1.sometimes the Chine way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments. 有时， 中国⼈表现出谦虚的⽅式可以被视为对赞美的赞美
T2.The social functions of Chine and English compliments are roughly the same. 汉语和英语的社会功能⼤致相同。
T informal situations, a large number of compliments are ud to make people feel comfortable. 在⾮正式场合，⼤量的赞美是让⼈感到舒服的
F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures. ⽂化的假设是⽂化的相同的。
T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often ud to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often ud in Chine. 形容词和动词常被⽤来传递英语中的恭维话， ⽽形容词、 副词和动词常被⽤在汉语⾥。
F 6. English compliments often begin with the word “you” while Chine compliments often start with the word “I”.英语的赞美常以“你”⼀词开头， ⽽中国⼈的赞美常以“我”⼀词开头
F 7. Chine people give more compliments in daily life than Americans. 在⽇ 常⽣活中， 中国⼈⽐美国⼈更为赞美。
F8. Americans tends to be lf-effacing in their compliments respons. 美国⼈往往⾃谦在称赞别⼈的反应。
F 9. Compliments on other’s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture. 对他⼈财物的赞美有
F 9. Compliments on other’s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American cultur
e. 对他⼈财物的赞美有时是美国⽂化中的⼀种间接的⽅式
T 10. If a guest compliments something in another person’s home, the Chine host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest. 如果⼀个客⼈在别⼈家⾥赞美别⼈的话， 中国主⼈或⼥主⼈很可能会把这件事告诉客⼈。
IV Comprehension Check
F 1Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication. ⾔语交际⽐⾮语⾔交际更为重要
F 2 “Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龙” to the Chine. “龙”是指同为西⽅⼈的“龙”到中国。
F 3The Chine phra “知识分⼦” has the same meaning as “intellectual”. 中国“知识分⼦”具有相同的含义是“知识
田园诗派T 4A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language. 在⼀种语⾔中的⼀个术语在另⼀种语⾔中可能没有对等词
F 5 In referring to animals and birds, the Chine practice is generally, but not always ,to u “公” or “母” to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English language. 在谈到动物和鸟类， 中国的做法是通常， 但不总是， ⽤“公”或“母”来表明该⽣物是否是男性或⼥性。 这与英语是⼀样的。
T 6 The following six English word: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant”, “deputy”, “lieutenant” and “under” can all mean
“副” in Chine language. 以下六个英⽂单词： “副”、 “联想”、 “助理”、 “副”、 “中尉”和“下”都是“副”在汉语中
F 7 There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chine proverbs. 有许多相似之处， 英语谚语和汉语谚语的异同。
T 8 Violating a cultural taboo is as rious as violating a verbal taboo, 违反⽂化禁忌的是严重违背了⾔语禁忌
T 9 Patterns of thought varies with culture. 思维⽅式随⽂化⽽变化。
T10 Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominantly
factual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately
intuitive-affective.
在每⼀个特定的思维模式主导⽂化的 T10， 例如美国⽂化主要是事实的归纳， 俄罗斯⽂化主要是公理化演绎， 和阿拉伯⽂化以直观的情感。
V Comprehension Check
T1 Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others. 说只是⼀种交流⽅式。 还有许多⼈
F2 Some rearchers asrt that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% sis nt by nonverbal means. ⼀些研究者断⾔， 在⾯对⾯的交流中， 约有 70%的信息是通过说话， ⽽超过30%则是通过⾮语⾔⽅式发送的
T3 Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers. 环境是⾮语⾔交际的五个研究领域之⼀
T4 Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness.我们⼤部分的⾮语⾔⾏为， 如⽂化， 往往难以实现， ⾃发的， 往往超越我们的认识
F 5 Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures. 拉丁美洲， ⾮洲， 阿拉伯和⼤多数亚洲⽂化是单⼀的⽂化。
T6 Arab belongs to tough cultures. 阿拉伯属于艰难的⽂化
T7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience. 在⼀些⽂化中， 为了表⽰尊重或服从， 应该避免使⽤⽬ 光接触
T8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. ⾝体接触的适宜性因不同的⽂化⽽不同
高中英语演讲稿F9 Western women usually like Chine to touch their bodies or small children. 西⽅妇⼥通常喜欢中国⼈接触他们的⾝体或⼩孩。F10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chine people tend to talk with tho opposite them rather than thoated or standing beside them. 座位安排体现⽂化。 中国⼈倾向于和他们说话， ⽽不是坐在他们旁边的⼈
VI Comprehension Check
F1.Gender is the cultural meaning of “x”. 性别是“性”的⽂化内涵
F2.Sex and gender are synonymous.同义的性别和性别是同义词
T3.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both. ⼀位⼥⼠可能是⼥性， 男性或两者的结合
T4.Women are generally comfortable with building clo relationships and confiding to others, while most men
are rerved about involvement and disclosure. ⼥性⼀般舒适与建筑密切关系和信任别⼈， ⽽⼤多数⼈都保留对参与和披露。
F5.Most men u communication to create connection or equality between people. ⼤多数⼈⽤沟通来建⽴联系或平等的⼈
F6.Women usually u communication to establish status and power. ⼥性通常使⽤沟通来确⽴地位和权⼒
feminine culture, communication is a way—probably the primary way—to express and expand cloness.
在⼥性⽂化中， 传播是表达和扩⼤亲密关系的主要途径。
T8.Masculine socialization stress doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express cloness. 男性社会化强调做事情， 把⾏动视为创造和表达亲密的主要⽅式。
T9.The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment. 有效的跨性别传播的第⼀个和最后⼀个主要是中⽌判断。
最后⼀个主要是中⽌判断。
is difficult but possible to ek translation cues that will facilitate our communication. 这是困难的， 但可能寻求翻译线索， 将有利于我们的沟通。
T1.The most common problems in cross-cultural negotiations concern (1) rules for conducting business, (2) the lection
of negotiators, and (3) methods of decision-making. 最常见的问题， 在跨⽂化谈判的关注（ 1） 的规则，进⾏业务，（ 2） 的选择， 谈判， 和（ 3） 决策⽅法。
T2.The Japane believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while the Americans do not think so. ⽇ 本⼈认为， 社交是谈判过程中不可或缺的⼀部分， ⽽美国⼈却不这么认为
F3.American negotiation team members are usually lected on the basis of their social and professional status.
美国谈判团队成员通常在他们的社会和职业地位的基础上
F4.Like Japane and Chine negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the negotiation process in the Middle East, Mexico and France. 与⽇ 本和中国的谈判⼈员⼀样， 在中东、 墨西哥和法国的谈判进程中， 有⼀个详细的书⾯协议是不⼀样的。
T5.The British employ a negotiating style similar to that of Americans, but more silence is utilized and they are less egalitarian. 英国⼈采⽤了类似于美国⼈的谈判风格， 但更多的是利⽤沉默， 他们也不太平等。
T6.Germans prefer clear, firm, and asrtire expression while the Japane encourage convert, fragmented expression. 德国⼈喜欢明确的， 坚定的， 和 asrtire 表达⽽⽇ 本⿎励转换、 碎⽚化的表达
T7.Mexican negotiators prefer the deductive approach. More emphasis is placed on contemplation and intuition.
劳动最美
墨西哥谈判者更喜欢演绎的⽅法。 更强调的是沉思和直觉。
F8.The Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would consider this insulting and embarrassing. 在正式谈判中， 巴西⼈不会公开地不同意， 他们会考虑这种侮辱和尴尬。
T9.Creating a comfortable climate and spending time on the exploratory pha of negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil. 创造⼀个舒适的⽓候和花费时间在谈判的探索阶段是⾄关重要的中东和巴西。
F10.Women are frequent participants on a Japane negotiation team. ⼥性经常参加⼀个⽇ 本谈判⼩组。
名词解释
1 economic globalization(经济全球化）： the integration of national economies into the international economy
through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
2 barter system(物物交换）： exchange without money
– Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and rvices without the
medium of money.
– Human society has always traded goods across great distances.
3 global village(地球村）： the world form one community
泽诺尼亚4– All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications,
especially the Internet.
4 melting pot(⼤熔炉）： a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.
5 culture(⽂化）： can been en as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a
given culture.
6 cultural diversity(⽂化融合）： refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full
mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
7. Communication(交际） : mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
8 intercultural communication(跨⽂化交际）： communication between people who cultural backgrounds and
distinct(不同） enough to alter（ 改变） their communicaion。
1 Pragmatics（ 语⽤学） : the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.
2 Semantics（ 语义学）： a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.
3 Denotation（ 引申含义）： the literal meaning or definition of a word — the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
1 Chronemics（ 时间学）： The study of how people perceive and u time.
(1) Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
(2)Polychronic Time（ 多元时间观念） : being involved with many things at once.
2 Proxemics（ 空间学）： Refers to the perception and u of space.
3 Kinetics（ ⾝势学） :the study of body language.⾝势学
4 Paralanguage(副语⾔)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .
1 A planetary culture（ ⾏星⽂化）: integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism(理性主义）.
2 Intercultural person（ 跨⽂化的⼈） : reprents someone who cognitive(认知的） , affective, and behavioral(⾏
为的）characteristics are open to growth beyond the psychological parameters(⼼理界限）of his or her own culture.
High-context cultures（ 含蓄的⽂化） assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In
High-context cultures（ 含蓄的⽂化） assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.
Low-context cultures （ 外向型的⽂化） exclude many of tho stimuli and focus more intenly on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a ntence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the
message itlf means everything.
"I"culture(个体主义）：1.Freedom to control their won destiny 2.Self-reliance to stand on their own f
eet 3.Privacy to mind their own business
水黄4.Family ties tend to be relatively unimportant
"We"culture(集体主义）： 1.Harmony to strive for the common good 2.Competition is not encouraged 3.Limit rights to property 4.Filial piety(孝顺） 5.Inter-dependant
Power distance(权利差距）：describes the distribution(分布） of influence within the culture, the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Cultures are classified on a continuum(延续体）of high to low distance, that is hierarchy(等级主义） v.s. egalitarian （ 平等主义） .
Masculine cultures(刚性⽂化） :The cultures place high values on maculine traits and stress asrtiveness, competition and material success.
Feminine cultures(柔性⽂化）： The cultures place high values on feminne traits and stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships and concern for the weak.
1. Enculturation(⽂化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation
2. Acculturation(⽂化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops
an incread similarity between the two cultures.
3. Ethnocentric(⽂化中⼼主义): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.
4. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your
thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
5. Source 交际邀请
The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.一辈子的恋爱
13.Encoding 编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your
communication is in the form of a symbol reprenting the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.
6. Message 编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the
message is the resulting object.
7. Channel 交际渠道 The term channel is ud technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message
is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
8. Noi ⼲扰 The term noi technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.
9. Receiver 交际接受 The receiver is the person who attends to the message.
10. Decoding 解码 Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The
receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
11. Receiver respon 接受反应 The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver respon
refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.
12. Feedback 反馈 Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver respon of which the source has knowledge
and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
13. Context 场景 The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the
environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
14. Connotation（ 内涵）： the suggestive meaning of a word — all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a
word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.
15. Taboo 禁忌语： refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in
certain culture for religious or social reasons.
16. Euphemism 委婉语： Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh,
blunt, or offensive.
千年一叹blunt, or offensive.
Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁 More haste, less speed. 欲速不达
To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼⽬ 混珠
as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头⽜
dumb bell 笨蛋 to fish in the air ⽔底捞⽉
to drink like a fish ⽜饮 as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡
to be at the end of one’s rope ⼭穷⽔尽
landscape engineer 园林⼯⼈ tonsorial artist 理发师
sanitation engineer 清洁⼯ shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠
soft in the head 发疯的 reckless disregard for truth 撒谎
to take things without permission 偷窃
industrial climate 劳资关系紧张
justice has long arms 天⽹恢恢， 疏⽽不漏 fat office 肥缺
diamond cut diamond 棋逢对⼿ golden saying ⾦⽟良⾔
You will cross the bridge when you get to it 船到桥头⾃然直
better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头， 勿为⽜后
tread upon eggs 如履薄冰
简答题
9 components of communication（ 交际的⼗⼤要素）
①source(来源）： the person who desires to
②encoding(编码）： the process of putting on idea into a symbol
③message(信息）： identifies the encoding thought
④channel(渠道）： the means of transmission(传播途径）
⑤noi(⼲扰）： anything distorts the messages
⑥receiver(接受者）： the person who attends to the message
⑦decoding(解码）： assigning meaning to the symbols received
⑧receiver respon(接受者反应）： anything the receiver does
⑨feedback(反馈）： the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning
⑩context(场景）： help define(使明确） the communication
1.Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent.
①convenient transportation systems(便捷的交通系统） ②innovative communication systems(⾰新通信技术）
③economic globailzation(经济全球化） ④widespread migrations(⼴泛的移民)
2.What are the three ingredients(组成) of culture?
①artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)
②behavior(what they do)③concepts(共有观点） (what they think)
3.How to understand cultural iceberg?
just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are obrvable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface
4.What are the characteristic(特点） of culture?
①shared ②learned(enculuration ⽂化习得： learning one’s culture)
③ dynamic( 动 态 的 ） （ accultration ⽂ 化 适 应 ： adopts the changes brought about by another
culture)④ethnocentric(ethnocentrism ⽂化中⼼主义： own cultural background is superior)
5.What are the characteristic of communication?
①dynamic(动态性）； ②irreversible(不可逆转的） ③symbolic(符号的） ④systematic(系统性） ⑤transactional（ 互
动性） ⑥contextual(语境)
1.How is Chine addressing different from American addressing?
①In Chine the surname comes first and is followed by the given name；
in English this order is reverd.
②In China niority(资历） is paid respects to.
Nowadays, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for
the first time.
(About addressing by relationship） Chine often exten kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. Americans tend to u just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.
Chine u a person’s title、 office、 or profession to indicate(表明） the person’s influential(有权势的） status .In English, only a few occupations or titles could be ud， such as doctor, governor, mayor, professor, nur and
