语言学导论复习资料
一：名词解释(4个）
1. Langue & Parole（语言与言语）
Langue is the linguistic competence of the speaker,which is relatively stable and systematic and also the rule that the speaker should follow.
Parole is the actual phenomena or data of linguistics, which is subject to personal and situational constraints and always a naturally occurring event.
2. Phonetics & Phonology （语音学与音位学）
Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, including three main areas: articulatory phonetics (发音语音学), acoustic phonetics(声学语音学), auditory Phonetics(听觉语音学).
Phonology is the study of sound systems—the invention of distinctive speech sounds that occur in a language and the patterns.
跟男生聊天聊什么话题好
3. Open-class word & Clod-class word（开放类词与封闭类词）
Open-class words: who membership is in principle infinite or unlimited.
e.g. n. v. adj. adv.
E.g. regarding / with regard to ; throughout, in spite of
Clod words : their membership is fixed or limited.
E.g. pro. prep. conj. art. etc.
4. Immediate Constituent Analysis（直接成分分析法）
The relation between a ntence and its component elements is a Construction（结构体） and its Constituents（成分）. To analyze their relations is IC.
5. Sen & Reference（意义与所指）
Sen: The literal meaning of a word or an expression, independence of situational conte
xt.
Reference: The relation between words and the things, actions, events and qualities they stand for.
6. Metaphor & Metonymy （隐喻与转喻）
Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. E.g. All the world is a stage.
Metonymy : in the cognitive literature, is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.
E.g. the crown can stand for a king, and the White Hou for the American government.
7. Performatives & Constatives（施为句与表述句）
Performatives: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out.
万圣节用英语怎么说
Constatives: An utterance which asrts something that is either true or fal. E.g. Chicago is in the United States.
篮球场英语
二：问答题（3个）
1. What are the designed features of Language？
“Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication, including:
1. Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.湖南基础教育网
2. duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures.
3. creativity means that language is resourceful becau of its duality and recursiveness.(递归性）
4. displacement means that human languages enable their urs to symbolize objects, ev
ents and concepts which are not prent at the moment of communication.
5. Cultural Transmission means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned by each speaker.
2. What is Iconicity（句法像似性）？How to analyze some language phenomena with Iconicity?
In functional-cognitive linguistics, as well as in miotics, iconicity is the conceived similarity or analogy between the form of a sign and its meaning, as oppod to arbitrariness.
We can analyze some language phenomena with the Iconic principles.
Proximity principle: conceptual distance tends to match with linguistic distance, e.g. “give sb sth”干煸蚕蛹的家常做法 and “give sth to sb”
Quantity principle: conceptual complexity corresponds to formal complexity, e.g. “apple, tree”, “apple tree” and “apple trees”.
Sequential order principle: the quential order of events described is mirrored in the speech chain, e.g. “I came, I saw, I conquered”.
3. What is prototype theory（原形范畴）? How to analyze some language phenomena with prototype theory?
Prototype theory is a mode of graded categorization in cognitive science, where some members of a category are more central than others. For example, when asked to give an example of the concept furniture, chair is more frequently cited than, say, stool.
We can analyze some language phenomena with its three levels in categories.
平板支撑世界纪录 basic level: This is the level where we perceive the most differences between “倒运objects” in the word. E.g, all categories of dogs are different, but they still share enough to be distinguished from cats, birds, snakes,etc.
superordinate level: Superordinate categories are the most general ones. E.g, if someone asks you to think of a plant, you might think of a tree or a flower.
