Designation:E155−10
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation E155;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the ca of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenthes indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
The Reference Radiographs have been developed in cooperation with the Quality Control Committee and Aerospace Rearch and Testing Committee of the Aerospace Industries Association.
This standard has been approved for u by agencies of the Department of Defen.
1.Scope
1.1The reference radiographs illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy castings.The castings illustrated are in thickness of1⁄4in.(6.35mm)and3⁄4in.(19.1mm).The reference radiographfilms are an adjunct to this document and must be purchad parately from ASTM International if needed.
1.2Thefilm reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum-alloy castings when performing digital radiography. If performing digital radiography of aluminum-alloy castings, refer to Digital Reference Image Standard E242
2.Magnesium-alloy digital reference images are not currently available from ASTM International.
1.3This document may be ud where no other applicable document exists,for other material thickness for which it has been found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchar and the manufacturer.
1.4The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in par结婚纪念日的句子
enthes are mathemati-cal conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its u.It is the responsibility of the ur of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u.
N OTE1—V ol I:The t of reference radiographs consists of13plates covering discontinuities in aluminum-alloy castings and10plates cover-ing discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings.Each plate is held in an 81⁄2by11-in.(216by279-mm)cardboard frame and each plate illustrates eight grades of verity for the discontinuity in approximately a2by2-in.(51by51-mm)area.The cardboard frames are contained in a101⁄2by 111⁄2-in.(267by292-mm)ring binder.The reference radiographs are not impacted by this revision.There have been no revisions to the adjunct reference radiographs since original issue.The adjunct reference radio-graphs of any issue remain valid and may be ud to this standard.
V ol.II:The t of reference radiographs consists of four plates covering discontinuities in magnesium-alloy castings only.Each plate is held in an 81⁄2by11-in.(216by279-mm)cardboard frame a
nd illustrates eight grades of verity for the discontinuity(with the exception of discrete discontinuities,where only one example of each discontinuity is given).
N OTE2—Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magne-sium die castings up to1in.(25mm)in thickness are contained in Reference Radiographs E505.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
E94Guide for Radiographic Examination
E505Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Die Castings
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2422Digital Reference Images for Inspection of Alumi-num Castings
2.2ASTM Adjuncts:
Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum and Magnesium Castings:
V olume I,Aluminum and Magnesium Castings3
V olume II,Magnesium Castings4
3.Terminology
特拉法尔加3.1Definitions—Definitions of terms ud in this standard may be found in Terminology E1316.
3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1The terms relating to discontinuities ud in the reference radiographs are described bad upon radiographic appearance.
1The reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02on Reference Radiological Images.
Current edition approved Sept.1,2010.Published September2010.Originally approved in1960.Last previous edition approved in2005as E155-05.DOI: 10.1520/E0155-10.
2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm,or contact ASTM Customer
Service at rvice@astm.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3Available from ASTM International Headquarters.Order Reference Radio-graph No.ADJE015501.
4Available from ASTM International Headquarters.Order Reference Radio-graph No.ADJE015502.
Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959.United States
3.2.2foreign materials—appear as isolated,irregular,or elongated variations offilm density,not corresponding to variations in thickness of material,nor to cavities.They may be due to the prence of sand,slag,oxide or dross,or metal of different density.
3.2.3gas holes—appear as round or elongated,smooth-edged dark spots,occurring individually,in clusters,or distrib-uted throughout the casting.
3.2.4gas porosity—reprented by round or elongated dark spots corresponding to minute voids usually distributed through the entire casting.
3.2.5microshrinkage(feathery type)—microshrinkage hav-ing an elongated appearance rembling feather-like streaks.
3.2.6microshrinkage(sponge type)—microshrinkage hav-ing a spongelike appearance,and more massive and equiaxed than the feathery type.
3.2.7reacted sand inclusions—appear on radiograph as “spotty gregation,”that is,sharply defined round light areas, about1mm in diameter,and often with the rim lighter than the center.They are entrapped sand particles that underwent reaction with molten magnesium alloys containing zirconium (Note3).
3.2.8gregations—appear as variations infilm density which can be explained by gregation of elements of atomic numbers different from that of the matrix.
3.2.8.1gravity gregation—appears white on radiograph and may range from a mottling-type effect through white-diffud spots blending with the matrix,to a cloud-like appearance in more vere cas.They are agglomerations of particles precipitated at temperatures above liquidus(Note3).
3.2.8.2eutectic gregation—type of gregation is gener-ally reprented when a defect or disconti
nuity develops during solidification and is fed with a near eutectic residual liquid rich with alloying elements that have a high X-ray attenuation.One exception to this enrichment as illustrated in Reference Radio-graphs E155isflow line(or eutectic depletion),where there is a local impoverishment of the alloying elements that have a high X-ray attenuation(Note3).
(1)eutectic gregation—microshrinkage type—type of g-regation develops when a microshrinkage develops during solidification,and is fed with residual liquid rich in den alloying elements such as thorium.The area will show light on
a radiograph(Note3).
(2)eutectic gregation—pipe-shrink type—type of gre-gation develops during solidification when a pipe shrink forms and is immediatelyfilled with eutectic liquid rich in high X-ray attenuation alloying elements.The area shows light on a radiograph as a feathery or dendritic feature(Note3).
(3)eutectic gregation—hot-tear type—type of gregation develops during solidification when the hot tear that takes place is immediatelyfilled with liquid rich in alloying elements high in X-ray attenuation.The defect shows as white or light irregular defined lines(Note3).
(4)eutectic depletion—flow line—type of gregation devel-ops when a ction of a mold isfilled by liquid and solidifies at the front before liquid from another feed meets the solid front.A portion of the solid front then partially melts; otherwi,the discontinuity would be a cold shut.Solidifica-tion begins after this remelt and the initial crystals are of high purity and contain fewer high-density alloying elements than the melt average.Since the metal is stillflowing across the crystals,the composition ahead of this solidifying front is depleted.This depletion of the eutectic shows on the radio-graph as a dark diffud line(Note3).乌镇南栅
(5)oxide inclusions in magnesium alloys containing zirconium—show on a radiograph as well defined light area of irregular shape and size rembling a radiograph of a com-pactedfine steel wool.It is compod of complex magnesium oxidefilm with high zirconium content,and,if prent,rare earths and thorium oxides also.It is often associated with zirconium-rich particles.
N OTE3—More detailed descriptions of the discontinuities can be found in the article,“New Reference Radiographs for Magnesium Alloy Castings,”by B.Lagowski,published in the Journal of Testing and Evaluation,V ol2,No.4,July1974.
3.2.9shrinkage cavity—appears as a dendritic,filamentary, or jagged darkened area.
3.2.10shrinkage porosity or sponge(nonferrous alloys)—a localized lacy or honeycombed darkened area.
4.Significance and U
4.1The radiographs are intended for reference only but are so designed that acceptance standards,which may be developed for particular requirements,can be specified in terms of the radiographs.The illustrations are radiographs of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities.The radiographs of the1⁄4-in.
(6.35-mm)castings are intended to be ud in the thickness range up to and including1⁄2in.(12.7mm).The radiographs of the3⁄4-in.(19.1-mm)castings are intended to be ud in the thickness range of over1⁄ and including2in.(51mm). The grouping and system of designations are bad on consid-erations of the best practical means of making the reference radiographs of the greatest possible value.
4.2Film Deterioration—Radiographicfilms are subject to wear and tear from handling and u.The extent to which the image deteriorates over time is a function of storage conditions,care in handling and amount of u.Reference radiographfilms are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image qual
ity over time.The radiographs should therefore be periodically examined for signs of wear and tear,including scratches,abrasions,stains,and so forth.Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which could influence the interpretation and u of the radiographs should be replaced.
5.Basis for Application
5.1The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptance standards tailored to the end u of the product.Application of the reference radiographs as acceptance standards should be bad on the intended u of the product and the following considerations(e Note4
小熊帕丁顿
).
5.1.1Compare the production radiographs of the casting submitted for evaluation with the reference radiographs appli-cable to designated wall thickness in accordance with the written acceptance criteria.
5.1.2An area of like size to that of the reference radiograph shall be the unit area by which the production radiograph is evaluated,and any such area shall meet the requirements as defined for acceptability.
5.1.3Any combination or portion of the reference radio-graphs may be ud as is relevant to the particular application. Different grades or acceptance limits may be specified for each discontinuity type.Furthermore,different grades may be speci-fied for different regions or zones of a component.
5.1.4Special considerations may be required where more than one discontinuity type is prent in the same area.Any modifications to the acceptance criteria required on the basis of multiple discontinuity types must be specified.
5.1.5Where the reference radiographs provide only an ungraded illustration of a discontinuity,acceptance criteria may be specified by referencing a maximum discontinuity size, or percentage of the discontinuity size illustrated.
5.1.6Production radiographs showing porosity,gas, shrinkage,or inclusions shall be evaluated by the overall condition with regard to size,number,and distribution.The aggregate size of discontinuities shall not exceed the total accumulation in area of the discontinuities of the reference radiograph.It is
not the intent that the maximum size of the illustrated discontinuity shall be the limiting size for a single production radiographic discontinuity,or that the number of discontinuities shown on the reference radiograph shall be the limiting number for production radiographs.Also,caution should be exercid in judging a large discontinuity against a collection of small discontinuities on the basis of size alone. Each of the factors of size,number,and distribution must be considered in balance.The purchar may provide documented specific methods of evaluation.
5.1.7When the verity level of discontinuities per unit in the production radiograph being evaluated is equal to or better than the verity level in the specified reference radiograph, that part of the casting reprented by the production radio-graph shall be acceptable.If the production radiograph shows
discontinuities per unit area of greater verity than the reference radiograph,that part of the casting shall not be accepted.
5.1.8As a minimum the acceptance criteria should contain information addressing:zoning of the part(if applicable),the acceptable verity level for each discontinuity type,and the specified area to which the reference radiographs are to be applied.
N OTE4—Caution should be exercid in specifying the acceptance criteria to be met in a casting.Casting design coupled with foundry practice should be considered.It is advisable to consult with the manufacturer/foundry before establishing the acceptance criteria to ensure the desired quality level can be achieved.
6.Description
6.1The radiographs listed in Table1illustrate each type of discontinuity in eight grades.The radiographs listed in Table2 illustrate each type of discontinuity in eight grades,with the exception of pipe shrink,flow line,hot tear and oxide inclusion,where a single ungraded illustration is given for each.Although eight grades of each discontinuity are shown (with the above exceptions),a numerically smaller graded t of discontinuities bad on the reference radiographs could be ud for acceptance standards.Each grade is illustrated in approximately a2by2-in.(51by51-mm)area.The radio-graphic technique ud is in agreement with Guide E94,and produced a desired density of2.0to2.25.
6.2The alloys ud to reproduce the various discontinuities were as listed in Table3.
N OTE5—Misruns,core shift,cold shut,and surface irregularities are not illustrated,as they are readily
identifiable by surface inspection or by other means of nondestructive testing.
6.3All of the references are original radiographs;they should be viewed by transmitted light.
TABLE1Reference Radiographs for Aluminum and Magnesium
Castings—Volume I
Discontinuity
Casting
Thickness,
in.A
Applicable
Casting
Thickness,
in.A
Aluminum-Alloy Castings
Gas holes1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl
Gas holes3⁄4over1⁄2to2,incl Gas porosity(round)1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl
Gas porosity(round)3⁄4over1⁄2to2,incl Gas porosity(elongated)1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl
Gas porosity(elongated)3⁄4over1⁄2to2,incl Shrinkage cavity1⁄4All thickness Shrinkage(sponge)1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl Shrinkage(sponge)3⁄4over1⁄2to2,incl Foreign material(less den)1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl Foreign material(less den)3⁄4over1⁄2to2,incl Foreign material(more den)1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl Foreign material(more den)3⁄4over1⁄2to2,incl
Magnesium-Alloy Castings
Gas holes1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl
Gas holes3⁄4over1⁄2to2,incl Microshrinkage(feathery)1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl Microshrinkage(feathery)3⁄4over1⁄2to
2,incl Microshrinkage(sponge)1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl Microshrinkage(sponge)3⁄4over1⁄2to2,incl Foreign material(less den)1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl Foreign material(less den)3⁄4over1⁄2to2,incl Foreign material(more den)1⁄4up to1⁄2,incl Foreign material(more den)3⁄4over1⁄2to2,incl
A1in.=25.4mm.
TABLE2Reference Radiographs for Magnesium Castings—
Volume II
Discontinuity
Casting
Thickness,
in.A
Applicable
Casting
Thickness,
in.A Eutectic gregation(discrete discontinui-
ties)—pipeshrink,flow line,hot tears,oxide
inclusions1⁄4all thickness Reacted sand inclusion1⁄4all thickness Eutectic gregation(microshrinkage type)1⁄4all thickness Gravity gregation1⁄4all thickness A1in.=25.4
mm.
7.Keywords
7.1aluminum;castings;discontinuities;magnesium;refer-ence radiographs;X-ray唐山钢厂
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TABLE 3Actual Alloys Ud to Reproduce Discontinuities
Discontinuity
Alloy Ud
qq解冻方法
Aluminum
Gas holes清远黄腾峡
356Gas porosity (round)356Gas porosity (elongated)195Shrinkage cavity 356Shrinkage (sponge)
356Foreign material (less den)356Foreign material (more den)
356Magnesium
Gas holes
ZK51A Eutectic gregation and flow line EZ33A Gravity gregation
ZK91Microshrinkage (feathery)AZ91C Microshrinkage (sponge)
AZ91C Foreign material (less den)AZ91C Foreign material (more den)AZ91C Reacted sand inclusions
HK31A Oxide inclusion in magnesium alloys containing zirconium
HZ11
