高考总复习：虚拟语气考点透析与精炼
审稿：张敏 责编：陈玉莲考试要求：
虚拟语气是高中语法的难点之一，近年的高考加强了对虚拟语气的考查，不仅在单选题中有直接考查，在完型、阅读、听力等各大题型中，都有虚拟语气的出现，以加强理解的难度。
知识总结：
动词语气是用来表明说话人的看法和态度的。英语中的语气有三种：
⒈ 陈述语气：
表示说话人认为他所表述的是事实，可用于陈述句、疑问句和感叹句，可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的。
If he comes here, I shall tell him.
如果他来这里，我会告诉他。（他很可能来）
⒉ 祈使语气：
表示对说话对方的要求、命令、请求、警告等，用于祈使句中。 Lock up the door.
把门锁上。（表达命令）
⒊ 虚拟语气：
表示所说的话是不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设。
笋瓜怎么炒好吃 I wish he could come.
我希望他能来。（表达愿望）
He suggested that we ( should ) come another day.
他建议我们改天来。（表建议）
If you had come earlier, you couldn’t / wouldn’t have misd the bus.
如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。
虚拟语气在条件句中的应用：
英语中if 从句有两种：一种是以陈述语气叙述的叫做真实条件句，说明所提出的假想是可以实现的；另一种是以虚拟语气叙述的，叫非真实条件句，说明所提出的假想实现的可能性极小或与事实相反。这种虚拟语气一般因所指的时间的不同而分三种情况：
⒈表示与现在事实相反：
If + 从句主语+ 动词的过去式（be 一般用were）……，主语+should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形……
If I were you, I would go by plane.
如果我是你，我将坐飞机去。（ In fact I am not you. ）
If he were here, he would decide what to do.
如果他在这里，他会决定做什么。（In fact he isn’t here.）
If I had the letter at hand, I would read it.
排队英语 如果我手头有这封信的话，我会读它的。（In fact I don’t have the letter at hand.）
If she knew about it now, she would come.
如果她现在知道这件事的话，她会来的。（In fact she doesn’t know about it.）
If he had time, he would go with you.
如果他有时间，他会同你一起去的。（In fact he is very busy, so he can’t go with you.）
⒉表示与过去事实相反：
If + 从句主语+ had + 过去分词……，主语+should/ would/ could/ might +have +过去分词……
If he had come here yesterday, I should have told him.
如果他昨天到这里来，我早就告诉他了。(Fact: He did not come and
I did not tell him.)
If I had taken his advice, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.
如果我当时接受了他的劝告，我是不会犯那样一个错误的。
(Fact: I didn’t take his advice and I made such a mistake.)
If I hadn’t been so busy last Monday, I would have called her.
如果我上周一不忙的话，我早就给她打电话了。在公园
(Fact: I was busy last Monday and I didn’t call her.)
⒊与将来事实可能相反：
If + 从句主语 + ①动词的过去式/ ②should +动词原形/ ③were to +动词原形, 主语 + should/ would/ could/ might + 动词原形…
If it should snow/snowed/were to snow tomorrow, I would not go out.
如果明天下雪的话，我就不出去了。(But I know it won’t snow tomorrow.)
If he failed/should fail/were to fail, he would try again.
如果他失败的话，他会再试一次。(I know that most probably he won’t fail.)
If I had time next year, I would study German.
如果我明年有时间的话，我就学德语。
动漫婚纱
(I know that most probably I won’t have time next year.)
在书面语中，有时if虚拟从句可使用倒装形式，方法是：如果if从句中含有were, had 或should时，把条件从句中的if省略，将were/had/ should移至主语之前。
If I were in his place, I should learn to drive.
→ Were I in his place, I should learn to drive.
如果我处于他的地位，我一定学开车。
If it should snow tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
→ Should it snow tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
如果明天下雪，会议将会延期。
If they had helped us, we would have succeeded.
→ Had they helped us, we would have succeeded.
如果他们帮助了我们，我们早就成功了。
If it were to snow tomorrow, what would you do?
→ Were it to snow tomorrow, what would you do?
万一明天下雪的话，你怎么办?
if假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致，叫做错综条件虚拟语气。主句和从句的谓语动词要依照假设的时间而定。
If he were alive, he might have finished his scientific rearches on the bridge building three years ago.
如果他现在还活着，他可能三年前就完成了他的桥梁建筑科研工作了。
（从句所表示的动作与现在事实相反，主句所表示的动作与过去事实相反）
If you had followed his advice, you would not be in trouble now.学习励志故事
如果你当初听从他的建议，你现在就不会陷入这种困境了。
（从句所表示的动作与过去事实相反，主句所表示的动作与现在事实相反）
If I had followed the doctor’s advice, I would be quite all right now.
如果我当时听从了医生的建议，我现在就完全恢复了健康。
（从句所表示的动作与过去事实相反，主句所表示的动作与现在事实相反）
If I were you, I would have gone with her.
炸肉圆子 如果我是你，我早就和她一起去了。
（从句表示与现在事实相反，主句所表示的动作与过去事实相反）有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示。这被称之为含蓄虚拟语气。
We could have done better under more favorable conditions.
艾森曼 在更有利的条件下，我们还可以做得更好些。
Without the warmth and light of the sun, the earth’s vegetation would die immediately.
如果没有太阳的热量和光，地球上的植物几乎会马上死去。
做梦梦到很多蛇含蓄虚拟语气有时也可以通过上下文或其他方式来表现：
I was ill that day. Otherwi I would have taken part in the sports meet. 我那天生病了，否则就参加运动会了。
But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.
要是没有碰到暴风雨，我们还会早一些到的。
I would have written before, but I have been ill.
本来早就该给你写信的，但我生病了。
虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用：
在动词wish引导的宾语从句中，表示不太可能实现的愿望，从句必须使用虚拟语气。
⒈与现在事实相反的愿望：
wish + 从句(主语+ 动词的过去式)
He wishes he were a bird. 他希望自己是一只小鸟。
I wish I were ten years younger. 真希望自己年轻十岁。
I wish I remembered the address. 我要是记得地址就好了。
⒉与过去事实相反的愿望：
wish + 从句(主语+ had + 动词的过去分词)
She wished she had been braver then. 她真希望那时她胆子大一些。
I wish he had gone to the exhibition. 要是他去参观展览会就好了。
I wish you had been here yesterday. 要是你昨天在这里就好了。
We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation.
要是我们过去对发音注意得更多一些就好了。
⒊与将来事实可能相反的愿望：
wish + 从句(主语+ should/would/could/might + 动词原形)
We wish that he could be with us tomorrow. 但愿他明天和我们在一起。
