形容词和副词
一、形容词
定义：形容词是用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否的词。
（一）、形容词可分为两大类：描绘形容词和限定形容词。描绘形容词是描写人或物的颜色、尺寸、形状、性质、状态等的形容词。限定形容词用于限定被修饰词的数量、距离、所有关系等。除了the和tho外，形容词的单数与复数形式相同。
描绘形容词 Beautiful, large, red, interesting, colourful important | 限 定 形 容 词 基数词 (one,two) 序数词 (first,cond) 物主代词 (my,your) 指示代词 (this,that,the) 数量词 (few,many) 冠 词 (a, an, the) |
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（二）、形容词的位置
1）形容词一般作定语，置于被修饰语之前，但当几个形容词修饰同一名词时，其排列顺序一般如下：
形容词型代/冠词→ | 数量词→ | 描 绘 形 容词 |
all both | the,a(n) this,that | first | one | 性 质 | 尺寸 形状 | 新旧 温度 | 颜 色 | 国 籍 | 材 料、用途 |
good | large | cold | red | Chine工银e | iron |
such | Your,some, many | cond | two | Fine | small | 看着你的背影hot | blue | English | stone |
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Example: that strong young Chine swimmer
2）形容词前有as, so, no, too, how等词时，不定冠词应置于形容词之后。
She is too kind a girl to refu.
3）在下列情况下，修饰语应置于被修饰的名词后：
（1）名词之后的数量词＋名词＋old, long, wide等。
a boy six years old, a street two kilometers long
（2）something, anything, everyone, anybody…＋形容词。
There’s nothing wrong with the electric cooker.
（4）作定语用的分词或形容词短语
The judge has talked to all the people involved.
（5）两个形容词由and或or并列时
All people,rich or poor,are equal.
4）“数词＋名词”构成的形容词中名词用单数,放于被修饰词之前：
（1）数词＋名词，如 a two-week tour, a ten-page report等。
（2）数词＋名词＋形容词，如 a ven-year-old boy等。
注：名词（无冠词）＋基数词=the＋序数词＋名词，如Unite 6=the Sixth Unite
（4）“数量词＋复数名词”作主语，虽然是复数形式，但仍然用单数动词，作为一个单位来表示。如果强调个别数，则须用复数动词。
Ten years is quite a long time to him.
Two months have pasd since I last heard from my parents.
5）形容词也可作表语，放于系动词之后。
6）形容词可以放于复合结构中宾语之后，作宾语补足语。
7）the+形容词，可以表示一类人或一类物。
二、副词
定 义:副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
（一）分 类:
1）时间和频度副词:
now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,generally,frequently, ldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.
2）地点副词:
here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.
3）方式副词:
carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly
4）程度副词:
much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.
5）疑问副词:
how, when, where, why.
6）关系副词:
when, where, why.
7）连接副词:
how, when, where, why, whether
（二）、副词的构成如下：
1）本身就是副词，如very, now, there, quite等.
2）有形容词后缀如-ly, 如happily, carefully等。
3）有些副词与形容词同行，如early, high, long, fast, hard等。
注意：有些-ly结尾的词不是副词而是形容词，如manly, friendly, queenly等。
（三）、副词的位置
1）修饰形容词和副词时，须放在被修饰词之前，如
The scenery around here is very beautiful.
2）always, never, often, sometimes, ususlly等表示频率的副词在一般动词前，be动词后，有助动词时，在助动词和动词之间。
He usually gets up early, but he got up late today.
I have never met him and I hope I will never meet him.
3）有两个以上不同种类的副词作修饰语时，其顺序为地点（小地点＋大地点）→状态→次数→时间（单位小的时间＋单位大的时间）。
They arrived in Paris safely the other day.
4）ldom, rarely, never等具有否定意义的频率副词置于句首时，助动词或be动词须放在主语的前面（也叫倒装句），如
Never did I hear such a funny story=I never heard such a funny story.
（四）、几个特殊副词的用法
1）enough须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之后；too须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之前.
She speaks English well enough to be an interpreter.
It,s too hot a day to work.
会场布置 但enough修饰名词时须置于名词之前.
Have you got enough money for this microwave oven?
2）too…(for…)＋不定式（to），作“太…而不能”解；enough＋不定式，意思是“足够可
以”，这一结构可转换成so…that结构。
The boy was still too young to go to school.
→He was so young that he could not go to school.
The man is rich enough to buy a Roll-Royce.
→He is so rich that he can buy a Roll-Royce.
3）already用于肯定句，作“已经”解；yet用于否定句，作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解，still作“仍然”解。
I have already en film.
Have you en the film yet?
I still prefer tea to coffee.
4）随着only和also在句中位置的改变，句意和语气也会改变。
Only Mr. Li came to e me today.
Mr. Li came to e only me today.
Mr. Li came to e me only today.
三、形容词的比较等级
形容词比较等级的规则变化如下表：
构 成 法 | 原 级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
1、单音节词末尾加-er和-est | 伟大的 great | greater | greatest |
2、单音节词如以-e结尾，只加-r和-st | brave 勇敢的 fine 好的 | braver finer | bravest finest |
3、闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er和-est | big 工程进度计划表 大的 hot 熟的 | bigger hotter | biggest hottest |
4、少数以-y,-er,-ow,-ble结构的双音节词，末尾加-er，和-est（以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅音字母，则y变为i，再加-er和-est。以-e结尾的词仍只加-r和-st） | happy 快乐的 clever 聪明的 narrow 狭窄的 able 能 | happier cleverer narrower alber | happiest cleverest narrowest ablest 失败的人生 |
5、其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most. | difficult 困难的 | more difficult | most difficult |
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四、形容词比较等级部分不规则变化表
原 级 | 比 较 级 | 最 高 级 |
good well | better | best |
bad ill | wor | worst |
many ps选择工具much | more | most |
little few | less | 摇头摆尾的反义词least |
far | farther further | farthest furthest |
old | 写鱼的作文older elder | oldest eldest |
late | latter later | last latest |
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五、形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法
