作文好的开头Chapter 4 Syntax
I. Choo the best answer. (20%)老电影暴风骤雨
1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBA
生日花束1. The ntence structure is ________.
A. only linear B. only hierarchical
C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical
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2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large B. small
C. finite D. infinite
3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phras to form grammatical ntences.
A. lexical B. morphological
C. linguistic D. combinational
4. A ntence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right B. wrong
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C. grammatical D. ungrammatical
5. A __________ in the embedded clau refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clau.
A. coordinator B. particle
C. preposition D. subordinator
6. Phra structure rules have ____ properties. 樊字怎么读
A. recursive B. grammatical
C. social D. functional
7. Phra structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phras form ntences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible ntences
D. all of the above.
8. The head of the phra “the city Rome” is __________.
礼物A. the city B. Rome
C. city D. the city Rome
9. The phra “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.
卢照邻的诗
A. endocentric B. exocentric
C. subordinate D. coordinate
10. The ntence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expo themlves.” is a __________ ntence.
A. simple B. coordinate
C. compound D. complex
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form ntences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of ntences.
32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a ntence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phras), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process
goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.
33. Hierarchical structure: It is the ntence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.
34. Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a ntence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for mantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element reprented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004）
An endocentric construction is one who distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which rves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction who distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.
36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）
(1) more | beautiful flowers
(2) more beautiful | flowers
