高三课文：Unit 13 The USA
New York is built on a group of islands on the east coast of the USA at a point where veral rivers flow into the ocean. The first westerner to discover the islands was an Italian explorer in 1524. In 1626 the island of Manhattan was bought from local Indians, Native Americans, for a handful of goods worth about $24. Today Native Americans express their anger over this business deal. After the War of Independence ended, New York became the capital of the USA for a short time (1789-90) before Washington, D.C.
纽约市建立在美国东海岸的一群岛屿上，那儿是好几条河流入海的交汇点，首次发现这些岛屿的西方人是一位意大利探险家，时间是1524年。曼哈顿岛是于1626年从当地的印第安人（即美洲土著人）手中买来的，只花了价值约为24美元的为数不多的货物，今天，美国的土著人对这桩买卖仍然愤愤不平。独立战争结束以后，在华盛顿成为首都之前，纽约市曾经一度是美国的首都，不过时间很短（1789-90）。
By 1820 the population of New York had grown to about 125,000, making it the largest city in the USA. In 1858 an area of poor housing, factories and farm buildings was torn down and Central Park was created, reaching from 59th Street to 110th Street and across three avenues. There is space for summer picnics, open-air concerts, plays and games. There is a zoo, an art muum, a boating lake, a smaller lake for model boats and, in winter, an ice-skating area.
到1820年，纽约市的人口增长到12.5万人左右，使它成了当时美国最大的城市。1858年拆除了一大片破旧的房屋、工厂和农舍，建起了中央公园，这个公园从59街延伸到110街，跨越三条大马路。这儿有空旷的地方，供作夏日野餐、露天音乐会、各种娱乐和竞赛之用，还有一个动物园、一座艺术博物馆，一个供人划船用的湖。另有一个比较小的湖，供人们玩模型船艇，冬天就成为滑冰场。
对班子的评价In 1892 the age of mass arrivals began, during which 15 million new people pasd through Ellis Island into the USA over a period of 62 years. Today Ellis Island is a muum, showing the roots of America's new citizens, who came from all the corners of the earth. Officials ud to have trouble with the foreign names of people passing through Ellis Island, and becau they were so busy, many people's names got changed in the rush. People who wanted to enter the USA had to go through a number of mental and physical tests, and about 2 million people were turned away. Thus Ellis Island became known as the "Island of Tears".
1892年开始了一个国外移民大量涌入的年代，在随后的62年中，有1，500万新来的人通过埃利斯岛进入美国。今天，埃利斯岛成了一座博物馆，展示着来自世界各地的美国新公民的根源。官员们过去总是搞不清埃利斯岛过境人员的外国
姓名，因为他们非常繁忙，所以在过境的人蜂拥而至的时候，许多人的姓名都被更改了。想要进入美
国的人都必须经过多次的智力测验和体格检查，大约有200万人不准入境。因此，埃利斯岛被人们称为"眼泪岛"。
The building of skyscrapers in New York began around the year 1900. Becau Manhattan Island is made of solid rock, it is safe to build very tall buildings. A 55-storey building went up in 1913, and in 1931 the Empire State Building was completed, then the tallest building in the world. It has 102 storeys and 73 lifts. From the top of it, you could e up to a distance of 130 kilometres on a clear day. Today it is no longer the tallest building in the USA, or even in New York. The World Trade Center, an office building for over 1200 firms employing about 50,000 people, is even higher at 411 metres. The twin towers are 110 storeys high, but high-speed lifts controlled by computer take only a minute to reach the top. The towers are further apart at the top than at the ba, but this is no mistake. This is becau the surface of the earth is not flat but round.
在1900年左右，摩天楼开始在纽约兴建。曼合顿岛是由坚固的岩石构成的，这使得兴建大厦非常安全。1913年一座55层高的大楼拔地而起。1931年帝国大厦竣工，这在当时是世界上最高的大厦，有102层楼，有电梯73部。在晴朗的日子里，从楼的顶层你可以看到130公里远的地方。今天，它不再是美国最高的大厦了，甚至在纽约都排不上号了。世界贸易中心要高得多，有411米。它是一座办公大楼，楼里有1，200多家公司，大约有5万雇员。这座双塔式大楼有110层高，而由电脑控制的高速电梯
只需一分钟就可以到达塔顶，两座塔楼的楼顶之间的距离比楼底之间的距离要大一些，但是这并不是错误，因为地球表面不是平的，而是圆的。
New York never sleeps. The underground railway runs 24 hours a day, and there are all-night cinemas, bars and restaurants. Some people think that the weather is unpleasant, the city ugly and dirty, the competition fierce and the streets unsafe. It is a city in a hurry, but a very exciting place to be.
纽约是一座不眠的城市。地下铁路一天24小时不停地运营。还有通宵电影院、酒吧间和餐馆。有些人认为，这儿的气候不佳，市容丑陋肮脏，竞争激烈，街上不安全。这是一座熙熙攘攘的城市，但也是一个富于刺激的地方。
The Bison on the Plains of America
美洲平原上的野牛
The first ttlers on the plains of America were Native Americans. It is thought that they arrived more than 30,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge from Asia to America. They lived by hunting and by gathering roots, nuts and wild fruits. They also hunted and killed wild animals.
美洲平原上的首批定居者是美洲土著人。
他们被认为是在3万多年以前从亚洲跨越一座陆桥来到美洲的。他们靠狩猎和采集根茎、坚果和野果为生。他们还猎杀野兽。
小学生必背文言文Around the year 1600 the first hors were brought to the American continent by the Spanish. Soon there were many wild hors across the country. The Native Americans caught and trained them and were then able to u them to carry their goods when they travelled from one camping ground to another. Now that they could ride hors, it became easier to hunt the bison, a type of cattle which ud to exist in huge numbers on the plains of America. The bison grows to a shoulder-height of 1.5 metres and can weigh 1100 kilograms. It was an important part of Native American's existence. Bison were killed for their meat, while their fur provided warm clothing during cold winters. The skins were ud for making tents and water containers. Bones were carved into needles and tools, and the teeth were ud to make necklaces.
小便失禁怎么办
大约在1600年的时候，西班牙人把第一批马匹带来美洲大陆。不久，乡间就有了许多野马。美洲土著人捕捉野马，加以驯服。当他们从一个营地搬到另一个营地去的时候，他们就可以利用这些野马来运载货物。既然土著人会骑马了，猎取野牛也就容易了。这种野牛以前是成群结队地生活在美洲平原上
的。野牛可以长到肩高1.5米，重达1，100公斤。野牛是美洲土著人赖以生活的重要部分。他们杀野牛，吃野牛肉，用野牛毛皮制成冬季御寒的衣服，还可以用野牛皮制作帐蓬和装水的容器。骨头则雕琢成针和工具，牙齿用来作项链。
From 1830 onwards in the USA and from about 1870 in Canada, ttlers began to move westwards and to take posssion of the plains as their own. Large groups of Native Americans were forced to move away form their old hunting grounds. When they objected, they were killed. Fierce wars between Native Americans and European ttlers broke out. Settlers made agreements with Native American cheifs but always broke them afterwards. In this way Native Americans were forced onto poor land that the ttlers did not want.
美国自1830年起，加拿大从1870年左右起，殖民者开始向西迁移，并把平原据为己有。成批成批的美洲土著人被迫从他们原来的狩猎场迁走。他们反抗时就被杀害。美洲土著人和欧洲殖民者之间发生了激烈的战争。殖民者同美洲土著人的首领达成了协议，但是这些协议随后总是被撕毁。就这样，美洲土著人被赶到殖民者所不要的贫瘠的土地上去了。
The ttlers built railways across the plains and began to hunt even more bison. While early ttlers had killed bison for food, now the killing became more widespread. They killed the bison, cut off the s
康托尔定理kins and left the bodies behind to rot. The bison skins were nt by rail to cities to be sold. It was also tho
借条欠条
泰国女演员ught that by removing their main supply of food, the Native Americans would be forced to give in. Between 1850 and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just a few hundred.
班级对联殖民者在平原上修起了铁路，于是开始猎取更多的野牛。早期的殖民者只是以杀野牛为食，这时屠宰野牛就更为广泛了。他们把野牛杀死剥皮，尸体就任其腐烂。野牛皮用火车运到城里出售。当时还有人认为，断掉了主要的食物来源，土著人就会被迫屈服。人们认为，在1850年到1910年之间，野牛的头数从6，000万头降到只有几百头了。
The killing of the bison changed the whole wildlife of the plains. With fewer bison, grass shoots were not eaten, so grass did not grow as strongly. Bison waste no longer fell on the ground to improve the soil, which as a result became less good for growing plants. The ground supported fewer plants, and the incts which lived on the plants died out.
屠宰野牛改变了平原的全部野生生物。野牛少了，嫩草没有牛来吃了，草就长得不粗壮，地上不再有野牛的粪便来改良土壤，结果对于植物生长土壤变得不够肥沃了。地上长的植物少了，生活在这些植
物上的昆虫就消亡了。
There was less food for birds and also for the prairie dog, a kind of animal which lives in holes in the ground. This in turn had an effect on the food supply for wolves. Thus one simple fact, a change in the number of bison, had an effect on the whole wildlife chain of the plains.
供鸟类吃的食物少了，供草原犬鼠（一种生活在地洞里的动物）吃的食物也少了，这样又影响了狼的食物供应。因此，出现了这样一个简单的事实--野牛数目换的变化对平原的整个野生生物链都产生了影响。
智宽生活
