局部解剖知识重点归纳
一、急性单纯性阑尾炎 Acute simple appendicitis
1. McBureny’s point and incision麦氏点的位置和麦氏切口
答：
位置：在脐至右髂前上棘连线的中外1/3交界处
The surface projection of the root of appendix is the lateral 1/3 point of the line between umbilicus and the right anterior superior iliac spine.
切口：从脐到右髂前上棘连线的中外1/3处，所作的垂直于此线的切口，长约5到7厘米
At the lateral 1/3 point of the line between umbilicus and the right anterior superior iliac spine, make the incision which is perpendicular to this line. About 5 to 7 cm long.
2. Which layers will you meet when you choo the McBureny’s incision and the transcrectal incision? 阑尾炎手术切口的腹壁结构
答：
McBureny’s incision
(1)skin 皮肤
(2)superficial fascia 浅筋膜
(3)aponeurosis of extermal abdominal oblique muscle 腹外斜肌腱膜
(4)obliquus internus abdominis腹内斜肌
(5)transversus abdominis 腹横肌
雨节(6)transversalis fascia or transver fascia 腹横筋膜
(7)extraperitoneal fascia 腹膜外筋膜
(8)parietal peritoneum 壁腹膜
Transcrectal incision
(1)skin 皮肤
(2)superfacial fascia 浅筋膜
(3)anterior layer of rectus of sheath 腹直肌鞘前层
(4)rectus abdominis 腹直肌
(5)posterior layer rectus of sheath 腹直肌鞘后层
(6)transver fascia腹横筋膜
(7)extra-peritoneal fascia 腹膜外筋膜
(8)parietal peritoneum 壁腹膜
3. During the operation, how to find vermiform appendix? 如何在手术中寻找阑尾？
答：First find cecum in the right iliac fossa, and then track down the roots of appendix along with colic bands of cecum. Namely, we can put out the whole appendix.
先在右髂窝内找到盲肠，再沿着盲肠的结肠带往下追踪找到阑尾根部，即可将整条阑尾牵出。
4. Why can appendicitis cau liver abscess ?阑尾炎是如可引起肝脓肿的？
答：
Path1：The bacteria（细菌 ）go with the venous blood（静脉血）orderly through appendicular vein（阑尾静脉）, superior menteric vein（肠系膜上静脉）, portal vein into the liver（肝脏）, causing liver abscess（肝脓肿）
Path2：The pus（脓）can go along the right paracolic sulcus（右结肠旁沟）to reach the upper and lower gap of right liver（右肝上下叶间隙）/hepatorenal recess济南的冬天课文（肝肾隐窝）, which infects（国安傻逼感染）我将liver to have adscess（脓肿）.
5.The reason of metastatic right lower abdominal pain转移性右下腹痛的原因
答：Inflammation of the acute appendicitis is gradually developed from inside to outside,
when inflammation within limited to the size of appendicitis pain belong to visceral pain, characterized by the abdomen or periumbilical pain, when inflammation invasion and rous membrane, can cau the right lower abdomen inflammation of the lining peritoneal, from the pain of visceral pain into the body appear accurate lower abdominal pain.
急性阑尾炎的炎症是由内向外逐渐发展的，当炎症局限于浆膜以内时，阑尾炎的疼痛属于内脏痛，表现为上腹或脐周痛，当炎症侵及浆膜时，就会引起右下腹 壁层腹膜的炎症，从内脏性疼痛变成了躯体性疼痛，出现定位准确的右下腹痛。
二、腹股沟疝Inguinal hernia
1. What is a hernia? What are the reasons of the inguinal hernia? What are the symptoms of the inguinal hernia? 什么是疝？产生腹股沟疝的原因是什么？腹股沟疝的症状是什么？
答：A certain organ or tissue in the human body away from the normal anatomic position,
through the vulnerabilities and defects of the congenital or acquired or pore into another area.
人体内某个脏器或组织离开其正常解剖位置，通过先天或后天形成的薄弱点、缺损或孔隙进入另一部位。
The decrea of strength of abdominal wall and incread intra-abdominal pressure are the two basic factors, the groin area make the tensile strength of the anatomical structure distribution in weaker than other parts of the abdominal wall.见风使舵近义词
奥氏蜜环菌腹壁强度降低和腹内压力增高是两个基本发病因素，腹股沟区的解剖结构的分布状态使其抗张强度弱于腹壁其他部分。
Clinical manifestations are mainly groin hone mass, larger hernia lump can enter scrotum or labium.
临床表现主要为腹股沟部出现可复性肿块，较大的斜疝肿块可进入阴囊或阴唇。
2. Recognize and define the inguinal region? 什么是腹股沟区？
答：The triangle area surrounded by the lateral border of rectus abdominis. The inguinal ligament and the horizontal line from anterior iliac spine to the lateral border of rectus abdominis. It is a weak region of abdominal wall.
腹股沟区为下腹部两侧的三角形区域，其内界是腹直肌的外缘，上界为髂前上棘至腹直肌外缘的水平线，下界为腹股沟韧带。是腹膜的薄弱部位。皮尔卡丹是名牌吗
3. Recognize and define the inguinal triangle （Heslbanch’s Triangle ）? 什么是腹股沟三角（海氏三角）？
答：The triangle area surrounded by inferior epigastric artery, inguinal ligament and the lateral border of the rectus abdominis.
腹壁下动脉与腹股沟韧带及同侧腹直肌外缘围成的三角形区域。
4. The 4 walls and 2 openings of inguinal canal腹股沟管四壁两口
答：Four walls:
1)the superior wall（上壁）: The arcuate lateral border made by the obliquus internus abdominis and the transvers abdominis
上壁为腹内斜肌和腹横肌的弓形下缘
2)The inferior wall（下壁）: is formed by inguinal ligament下壁为腹股沟韧带
