阅读练习-LogicalFallacy
遥远的旅程Logical Fallacy
1.Dicto Simpliciter 绝对判断形容树木茂盛的成语
Definition: It means an argument bad on an unqualified generalization.
Example: Keeping on a diet can enable people to lo weight. Therefore, if you want to lo weight, you should keep on a diet.
2.Hasy Generalization 草率结论
Definition: The size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion. It applies a special ca to general rule. Or, the premi is obviously not adequate, the person jumps to the conclusion.
Example: Fred, the Austrilian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Austrilians are thieves.
3.Post Hoc 牵强附会
有氧运动的好处
Definition: The cau has no connection with the result. The thing A happens before the thing B in terms of time, but it doesn’t mean that the thing A happening prior is the cau of the thing B happening later.
Example: Most young criminals watch violent movies before they commit their crimes; obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile deliquency.
4.Contradictory Promis 矛盾前提
Definition: The premi and the conclusion contradict each other, so there can be no conclusion.
Example: If God can do everything, can he make a stone so heavy that he can’t carry?
5.Ad Miricordiam 文不对题
深恶痛绝什么意思
Definition: The theme is inconsistent, and the context is irrelevant. An argument bad on an appeal to the emotions, like pity or sympathy. Also known as argumentum ad miricordiam or appeal to pity or miry.
Example: Maybe he isn’t qualified enough for this job, but think about his relationships, his uncle is the mayor, and his father is the chairman of the company which has steady business relations with us.明史海瑞传
6.Fal Analogy 错误类比
Definition: Many arguments rely on an analogy between two or more objects, ideas, or situations. If the things that are being compared are really alike in the relevant respects, the analogy is the weak one. Or, the conclusion and the premi happen not in the same situation.
Example: Mind and rivers, can be both broad. It is a known fact that the broader the river, the shallower it is. Therefore, it is must be true that the broader the mind is, the shallower it is.
7.Hypothesis Contrary to Fact 虚假假设
Definition: The hypothesis is contradictory to the reality. It is fally believed
that there is only one possibility to the state of affairs.
我怕我不爱你西藏雪莲Example: If the gunpowder hadn’t been invented, there wouldn’t have been so many wars in the worlds.
8.Poisoning the Well 井下投毒
Definition: Or speaking “against the man”. The premis may only make a personal attack on the person, instead of offering reasons to show why what he says is fal. It is a special ca of argumentum ad hominem（人身攻击）.
网络安全保障工作总结Example: The defendant killed the victim cruelly, I suggest Lord ntence him to guilty.
