浅谈英语修辞Hyperbole
摘要:英语辞格Hyperbole是一种为了表达强烈的思想感情,突出某种事物的本质表示无奈的成语
的特征,对事物的某些方面着意的夸大或缩小,作艺术上的渲染,但都不是使人相信所说的就是具体事实。本文从其分类,和低调陈述及翻译进行浅析。
关键词:Hyperbole分类翻译低陈
Abstract:As a rhetoric device in English and Chine, hyperbole has the
same esnce in the two languages: to exaggerate or overstate something in order to achieve the effect of humor.This article is to analyze it’s classification, overstatement and translation.
Key words : Hyperbole overstatement translation classification
Hyperbole ( from ancient Greek 'exaggeration') is a rhetorical device in which statements are exaggerated. It may be ud to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken literally. 英语的Hyperbole和汉语的“夸张”,在表达方式,修辞效果和使用目的上完全相同,但在包括的内容方面却不尽相同。汉语夸张,又称做“夸饰”,“饰辞”,“扬厉”,“增语”,“倍写”,“甚言”等,
是为了表达的需要,故意言过其实,对客观的人,事,物作扩大或缩小的描述。夸张能深刻,生动地揭示本质,增强语言的感染力,给人以深刻的印象。
本文从其分类,和低调陈述及翻译进行浅析。
一,Hyperbole的分类
1.性质上可以分为以下几类。
(1),扩大夸张。这是夸张中最常见的一类,即把表现对象的状态,程度,形象,数量,作用等特征的东西故意往大,高,多,强,好,长,远等方面去夸张。
1)利用数词或表示数量的词组进行夸张。
eg:Bob loves running risks,and he once dived from the overhanging cliff of ten thousand feet high into the a.
鲍勃喜欢冒险,他曾从万丈悬崖上跳入海中。
句中用了一个很大并且完整的数字ten thousand 进行夸张,以衬托鲍勃的胆量过人和冒险精神。
Splendid chees they were,ripe and mellow,and with a two handred hor-power scent about them that might have been warranted to carry three miles,and knock a man over at two hundred yards.(J.K.Jerome:The Odour of Chee) 这些奶酪又香又脆,好极了。四溢的香气足有二百匹马力那么强大,管保三英里以为能闻到,二百码远处站着的人被熏到。
作者巧妙地运用了三个数词来描写奶酪的香气,意境浓郁,幽默风趣,给人以如临其境,如闻气味之感。
In the dock,she found scores of arrows piercing her chest.
站在被告席上,她感到万箭穿心。
He was miles out in his calculation.
他的计算大错特错了。
项链小说
2)强化某些词语的语义,进行夸张描写。
eg:For she was beautiful— her beauty made
The bright world dim,and everything beside
Seemed like the fleeting image of a shade.(P.B.Shelley:The Witch of Atlas) 诗人赞叹她的美貌,但未用华丽的辞藻对她的相貌特征做浓郁的描绘,而是用夸张
的语言,称“她的美丽使得整个鲜艳的世界黯然失色”。这样的夸张言简意赅,使得
再精彩的描写也会黯然失色的。
His anger nearly burst his belly.他气得肚子简直炸裂了。
What hands are here? Ha! They pluck out mine eyes.
Will all great Neptune’s ocean washthis blood
Clean from my hand? (William Shakespear:Macbeth)
这是什么手!嘿!他们要挖出我的眼睛。大洋里所有的水,能够洗净我手上的血迹吗?
3)利用名词短语,介词短语以及形容词或副词的最高级进行夸张。
eg:To get a decent apartment the days in New York you have to pay an arm and a leg .
今天,要在纽约住栋高级公寓,必须付出极高的价钱。
昂贵的房租竟涨到了要付出“an arm and a leg ”的地步,语言新颖有趣,寓意深
刻有力,同时又寓冷隽的讽刺于其中。
Jea went out.The whole world emed to have turned golden.He limped slowly,with the blood pounding his temples,and a wild incommunicable joy in his heart .“I’m the happiest man in the world ,”he whispered to himlf , “I’m the happiest man in the world. ”
形容词的最高级再加上反复修辞格的运用,把主人公那种难以抑制的喜悦之情充分
课件怎么做地表达出来了。
We were tired to death on reaching the peak.
我们爬到山顶,简直快要累死了。
4)借助比喻,拟人,借代进行夸张。两种或两种以上辞格糅合在一起,相辅相成,互为补充,更加鲜明,充分,透彻的表达思想。
eg:It was so hot a noon that leaves had to gasp for breath.
民间传说故事大全
那天中午,天气热得连树上的叶子也在喘气。
“树上的叶子也在喘气”是将树叶子人格化了。天竟热到“树上的叶子也在喘气”
桂林适合几月份去旅游的程度,生动的表达了当时人们闷热难耐的感受。
He has a skeleton of a wife.
他妻子骨瘦如柴。
(2)缩小夸张。此与扩大夸张正好相反,即把表现对象的状态,程度,形象,数量,作用等特征的东西故意往小,低,少,弱,差,短等方面去夸张。繁星春水好词
eg:She was not really afraid of the wild beast,but she did not wish to perform an atom more rvice than she had been paid for.
她并不真怕野兽,而是不愿意在她的报酬之外多出一丁点儿力。
在表达“不愿意多出一丁点儿力”的意思时,用an atom(像一粒原子那样的微力)
这样一个名词,可谓别出心裁,态度极为鲜明。
Miss Sharp(the suspect)browed her head ,and had never uttered a syllable.
夏普小姐(犯罪嫌疑人)低着头,一个字也不说。
就连一个syllable也发不出,可见犯罪嫌疑人的顽固态度。这里缩小夸张的运用,把当时法官的无奈,嫌疑犯的抵抗和沉寂的气氛烘托出来。
2.从其方法上可以分为普通夸张和特殊夸张。
(1)普通夸张。一般夸张,不借助其它手段而构成的夸张。
eg: Its torrent dashes down three thousand feet from high;
As if the Silver River fell from azure sky.
“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。”
I have a a of trouble.
我有一大堆的问题,极尽夸张。
I will love you until the sky falls and the a runs dry.
I will defend my country to the last drop of my blood.
我将为我的国家战斗直到流尽最后一滴血。
(2)特殊夸张。即与其他修辞方式相结合的夸张,辞格兼用。
于化龙
eg:They would sit staring at the copper, with eager eyes , as if they could have devoured the very bricks of which it was compod.
他们常常坐在那儿,眼睛急切地盯着翻过,仿佛要把砌锅台的转一块块吞下去危机似的。夸张借助明喻,是人物形象栩栩如生,让人如闻其声,如见其人。
Polly,I love you.You are the whole world to me ,and the moon and the stars and the constellation of out space.
这是夸张与层递融为一体,相辅相成,语义不断强化,直至达到高潮。
He ran down the avenue , making a noi like ten hors at a gallop.
和比喻同用,突出声音之响。好似十马奔腾,将任务的心理,心情刻画出来。二.夸张与低调陈述。夸张是故意言过其实,过分渲染,低调陈述则是故意地
轻描淡写,含蓄内敛。夸张与低陈德结合分两种情况。
(1).正话分说,即使用否定的形式表示简介肯定的修辞方法。
eg:The face was’nt a bad one;it had what they called charm.
模样还算过得去,有人们所说的妩媚之处。
其实作者想说“She had a very beautiful face ,and she had a conquering charm.”但作者对她的迷人的魅力采用了低调陈述。貌似不以为然,实则褒扬有加。
As lean was his hor as is rake,
And he was not right fat,I understake.(Geoffrey Chaucer:The Vanterbury Tales)
他的一匹马瘦的像一把铁耙,我看他自己也不算胖。
在前句中,明喻作为一种前提,即马瘦的像一把铁耙,然后再此基础上进行对比,说他比马也胖不了多少。表面上与其较弱,实际上意义非常明朗:他瘦得同马一样可怜,辛辣的讽刺寓于其中。
If Saddam Husin go out of power,no tear is to be shed.
(Voice of America,March 6,1991)
如果萨达姆·侯赛因下台,我们不会为之掉泪的。
真切希望萨达姆下台,可是用肯定的态度表达则显得太直露,因为毕竟是“美国之
音”,处于外教辞令,以幽默的口吻和曲言的方式表达了坚定的态度。
It gave me no small pleasure to receive a letter from you.
接到你的信我非常高兴。
(2)硬话软说,重话轻说。
eg:We have a rather full hou tonight.(= We have a completely full hou tonight.)今晚我们来的人还算不少。
There was a slight disturbance in the city yesterday. All the shops were Shut.
昨天成立出了一点小乱子,所有的商店都关门了。
His speech leaves much to be desired.(=His speech is far from satisfactory.) 他的演讲有很多地方需要改进。
三.夸张的翻译方法。
1.照字面直译,保留原文的夸张气氛
If you gave me eight necklaces and eight hundred rings I would also throw them away .What I want is nothing but dignity!
你就是给我八十条项链和八百个戒指,我也不要,我要的是尊严。
2.在数词的使用上,英语常用“千”,汉语则常用“百”,如“百依百顺”,“百折不回”,“百感交集”,“百闻不如一见”等。在翻译时,要根据不同的情况,变换数字,使译文符合汉语的表达习惯。
A thousand thanks for your kindness.
十分(或万分)感谢您的盛情。白纻舞
I’ve told you forty times that if you touched that jam I’d skin you . 你要偷吃果酱,我剥了你的皮。我对你已讲过一百遍了。
As for modles ,she is a girl in a thousand.
要是做时装模特的话,她可是百里挑一。
3.有的数字既不能机械的照搬过来,也不能做变通处理,否则会生涩难懂,文气不通。在这种语境下的数字似应译为“许许多多”,“数不清”,“不计其数”等词语。On Sunday I have a thousand and one things to do.
星期天我有许多事情要做。
Seventy times has the lady been divorced.
这位女士不知离了多少次婚了。
类似的还有: a hundred and one cares, millions of reasona应分别译为“无微不至的关怀”和“数不清的理由”
四.结束语
Hyperbole是一种独特的修辞手法,了解这种修辞可以让我们在欣赏英文作品和写英语文章时,笔中添彩,同时也有助于提高我们的英语表达能力。
参考文献
[1]郭霞尚秀叶大学英语写作与修辞
[2]吕熙使用英语修辞
[3]范家材英语修辞赏析