Grammar(一)
过去分词做定语和表语
一、过去分词的含义
过去分词有“被动”或“完成”的意思，及物动词的过去分词既表被动也表示完成，
但有时只表被动；不及物动词的过去分词只表完成。如：
a broken heart 一颗破碎的心（被动和完成）
a ploughed field 犁过的田地（被动和完成）
说明文作文300字a rin sun 已升起的太阳（完成）fallen leaves （落叶）（完成）
二、过去分词做定语
1、单个的过去分词一般作前置定语，即通常放在所修饰的名词前，过去分词短语一般做后置定语，即通常放在所修饰的名词后。如：
tenified people.; the affected person ; ordinary people expod to cholera.
the river polluted by the dirty water from London
★[注意]：
★1.有些单个的过去分词，像left（剩余的 given（所给予的）concerned（有关的）等，习惯上用作后置定语。如：
女生头像可爱萌
the money left （剩余的钱） the people concerned 有关人士
the time given 给出的时间
[高考点击]
For breadfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _______ on his own farm.（2009年北京）
A. grown B.being grown C.to be grown D.to grow
★2.过去分词作定语和现在分词做定语的区别，现在分词和过去分词作定语来修饰名词，区别主要表现在语态和时间关系上。
1）在语态上不同：现在分词与被修饰词之间构成“主动”，而过去分词则构成“被动”。如：
surprising news 令人吃惊的消息
surprid listeners 吃惊的听众
an exciting movie 令人激动的电影
excited children 激动的孩子
[注意]：
An excited酱鸭舌 expression appeared on his face, when he saw his mother..
2）时间关系上不同：一般来说，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行中，而过去分词则表示的动作往往已经完成。如：
the changing world. 正在发生变化的世界 developing countries 发展中国家
the changed world 已经改变了的 developed countries 发达国家
falling leaves 正在下落的叶子 a rising sun 正在冉冉升起的太阳
fallen leaves 落叶 a rin sun 已升起的太阳
3）判断如何选择过去分词还是现在分词，应该考虑动词的词性（及物还是不及物动词），而不要单从汉语角度考虑。
[注意]：
dress, at, fix, lo, dovote, compare, tire等及物动词及remain, sit等不及物动词和taste（尝起来），smell（闻起来），lound（听起来），appear（看起来像），look（看起来）等系动词。
He, dresd in a white uniform, looks like more a cook than a doctor.
Can the audience ated/sitting at the back of the classroom hear me?
My mother, lost in thought, did’t hear us entering the room.
The desrts tasting very delicious are cocked by my mother.
The theory worthremaining to be proved was put forward by Mr. Smith.
Julia Smith stepped back appearing surprid and put up her hands, as if in defence.
3. done; being done 与 to be done 作定语的区别党员自我评价简短
过去分词含有“被动”“完成”两种含义;若表示“某事正在被做”，通常使用动词的being done形式; 若表示“即将被做”，通常使用动词的to be done形式;
（1）The meeting (hold) now is of great importance.
（2）The meeting 做饭教程 (hold) yesterday was of great importance.
（3）The meeting (hold) tomorrow is of great importance.
4.过去分词和现在分词作定语与定语从句的互换。
过去分词作定语改成定语从名后一般为被动句
An organized trip is a trip（which/that is）organized by somebody or some organization.
现在分词作定语改成定语从句一般为主动句
An honest person is a person always telling the truth.
An honest person is a person who always tells the truth.
三、过去分词作表语
1）过去分词作表语时总是用在系动词之后，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态，如：
She looked disappointed.
He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.
He became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people expod to cholera.
★常用的系表结构
①be/get married to sb. ②be/get stuck 受困，被卡住，陷入…… ③be lost in thought ④qq聊天背景图be ated …… ⑤be devoted to … ⑥be dresd in
⑦be surprid/astoind/shocked ……at
2.系表结构与被动结构的区别：
1）二者都是由“be+done”构成，但系表结构中的过去分词表示主语所处的状态，被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
The lake is badly pollated by the paper mill.
这个湖被一家造纸厂严重污染了。（被动语态）
He is dresd in white uniform.（系表结构）
2)过去分词作表语时，句子主语多是人，表示主语的感受；现在分词作表语，句子主语多是物，它表示给别人造成的感觉。如：
The match is exciting ； The autience are excited
四、跟踪训练：
1.The ________ glass cup was _______ by Tom.
毕业诗句 A.broken; breaking B.broken;broken C.breaking;breaking D.breaking;broken
2.—Look! Everything here is under construction.
—Oh, has the muum once ____ for exhibiting Weifang kites been pulled down,too?
A.being built B.been built C.having been built D.built
3.The thief _____ by the police is an orphan.
A.questioned B.has been questioned C.having been questioned D.questioning
4.Plea remain _________ until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A.to at B.to be ated C.ating D.ated
5.Five people won the “China’s Green Figure”award, a title ______ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protections.
