Lecture Two
What is a loo ntence?
从修辞的角度来看，句子有松散句、圆周句和对偶句之分。松散句把主要意思放在次要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，因而读者在看到几个词后就知道这句话的主要内容了。
She decided to study English though she was interested in music.
The Wangs must have gone away for the summer holidays, for we have not en them for two or three weeks.
松散句比较易懂，简单，自然和直接。
What is a periodic ntence?
再比较下面的句子：
Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.
观察上面的句子，可以知道：虽然意思表达和之前相同，主要意思都是她决定学英语。第一句中，主要意思放在句子的开头，在第二句则放在句子末尾。第一句的第一部分在结构上已经完整，而第二句的第一部分只是个状语从句，不加上第二句就不能成为一个句子。
把最重要的意思放在最后面或者靠后的位置上，并且句子的结构直到最后一个词时才完整。这样的句子叫做圆周句。例如：
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in posssion of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(Jane Austen)
上面的句子明显是个圆周句（掉尾句）。因为它的结构和意思在最后一个词之前都不完整。圆周句的结构按照逐步推向高潮的递进顺序形成。圆周句比较复杂、正式和文雅。
What is a balanced ntence?
两个结构相似但意思相反的平行从句便是对偶句。
On hearing the new, he was angered, and I was saddened.
The politician is concerned with successful elections, whereas the statesman is interested in the future of his people.
In Plato’s opinion man was made for philosophy; in Bacon’s opinion philosophy was made for man.
对偶句会给人留下深刻的印象，因为它含有相反的意思，而且因节奏和谐而悦耳。对偶句主要用于说明文，议论文及演说等正式文体中。
What is an effective ntence?
1. Completeness(完整)
完整是好句子的第一要点。一个完整的句子表达单一的完整思想,意思必须紧密相关。
例1. （Faulty安吉大竹海）Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician.
(Revid) He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childh
ood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conrvatory. In the 70s he became a famous musician.
例2. Faulty：南瑞实验学校Do Fu was one of the greatest poet.
Revid: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang Period.
2. 连贯(Coherence)
连贯是指句子各部分之间清楚而合理的联系。句子中的词语和部分应恰当地衔接，它们之间的关系应十分清楚。不连贯的句子通常有以下几种毛病：
a. 平行结构使用有误
例1． A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.
Revid: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.
Revid: A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.
例2．We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.
Revid: We thought she was charming, intelligent, and very capable.
Revid: We thought she was a charming, intelligent, and very capable young woman.
例3． We have great faith and high hopes for her.
Revid: We have great faith in and high hopes for her.
b. 代词指代不清楚
例1. She told my sister that she was wrong.
例2. He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not rious.
Revid文言文而的用法：He was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not badly hurt.
例3. I'm gonging to the lecture on modern Chine drama, becau he is a dramatis
t I like.
c. 修饰语和被修饰语之间的关系不明确
例1. Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.
据枪例2. On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!”
例3. To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitca.
这些句子因为用了悬垂结构，句子缺少了连贯性，句子意思就让人费解。当然，也有一些固定的说法，如：to be frank, generally speaking, judging by…, speaking of…, just to name a few…
再看下面的一些句子：
例1. She put into her bag the picture books she had bought for her children.
牛排怎么做才好吃
刀的种类
例2. She bought veral pictures books and put them into her bag, which she intended to give to her children.
Revid: She bought veral picture books for her children and put them into her bag.
例3. The idea he mentioned at first sounded good.
例4. The idea he mentioned sounded good at first.
Revid: The idea he first mentioned sounded good.
例5. He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed.
例6. He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, a reason which nobody believed.
Revid: He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting.
d. 人称、数、语气和语态上变动混乱
例1. 吃午饭简笔画An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.
例2. Tho who wish to take Linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper.
例3. Students should learn to analyze and solve problems independently. Don’t rely on your teachers超级大城市’ help.
例4. She reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the exercis assigned by the teacher were done.
以上句子前后不一致，变动混乱，写作时应该避免不必要的变动。
