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To tax (from the Latin taxo; “I estimate”) is to impo a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law.
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Taxes are also impod by many subnational entities. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax, and may be paid in money or as its labor equivalent (often but not always unpaid labor). A tax may be defined as a “pecuniary burden laid upon individuals or property owners to support the government.” A tax “is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority” and is“any contribution impod by government whether under the name of toll, tribute, tillage, gable, impost, duty, custom, exci, subsidy, aid, supply, or other name.”
The legal definition and the economic definition of taxes differ in that economists do not consider many transfers to governments to be taxes. For example, some transfers to the public ctor are comparable to prices. Examples include tuition at public universities and f
有文化的网名ees for utilities provided by local governments. Governments also obtain resources by creating money (e.g., printing bills and minting coins), through voluntary gifts (e.g., contributions to public universities and muums), by imposing penalties (e.g., traffic fines), by borrowing, and by confiscating wealth. From the view of economists, a tax is a nonpenal, yet compulsory transfer of resources from the private to the public ctor levied on a basis of predetermined criteria and without reference to specific benefit received.
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In modern taxation systems, taxes are levied in money; but, inkind and corvée taxation is characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states and their functional equivalents. The method of taxation and the government expenditure of taxes raid are often highly debated in politics and economics. Tax collection is performed by a government agency such as Canada Revenue Agency, the Internal Revenue Service(IRS) in the United States, or Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs(HMRC) in the UK. When taxes are not fully paid, civil penalties (such as fines or forfeiture) or criminal penalties (such as incarceration) may be impod on the non-paying entity or individual.
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Taxation has four main purpos or effects: Revenue, Redistribution, Repricing, and Reprentation. The main purpo is revenue: taxes rai money to spend on armies, roads, schools and hospitals, and on more indirect government functions like market regulation or legal systems.
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A cond is redistribution. Normally, this means transferring wealth from the richer ctions of society to poorer ctions.
怎么描写A third purpo of taxation is repricing. Taxes are levied to address externalities; for example, tobacco is taxed to discourage smoking, and a carbon tax discourages u of carbon-bad fuels.
网站开发工具A fourth, conquential effect of taxation in its historical tting has been reprentation. The American revolutionary slogan “no taxation without reprentation” implied this: rulers' tax citizens and citizens demand accountability from their rulers as the other part of this bargain. Studies have shown that direct taxation (such as income taxes) generates the greatest degree of accountability and better governance, while indirect taxation tends
to have smaller effects.
