Chapter One---An Overview 第一章 概述
Chapter Outline 章节大纲
1.0 Introduction 介绍
1.1 English Grammars 英语语法
1.2 Terminology 术语
1.3 Morphemes 词素
1.4 Words 单词
1.5 Phra(NP,VP,AP,AdvP, PP) 短语
1.6 Claus(Subject and Predicate; Clau patterns) 分句(主语和谓语；分句类型）
1.7 Sentences(Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences, Statements, Commands, Questions and Exclamations)
句子（简单句，复合句和复杂句，陈述句，祈使句，问句和感叹句）
1.8 The Text 文章
1.9 Summary总结
1.0 Introduction
De Montaigne states” the greater part of this world’s troubles are due to the questions of grammar”德蒙田说：“世界上大部分的麻烦都是由于语法问题造成的。”
2 tasks in this Chapter: 本章任务
A. English grammar: a historically overview 英语语法：历史概述
B. Grammar terminologies: revision and explanation B、 语法术语：修订与解释
1.1 English grammars 英语语法
16th century: Starting 16世纪：起始
William Bullokar(1586) Bref Grammar for English 威廉布洛卡（1586）英语语法简介
19th century: Developing 19世纪：发展
900 related books published: 出版900本相关书籍
The People’s grammar: English Grammar Difficulties for the Million(Shelley, 1848)
打招呼英文《人民的语法：百万人的英语语法困难》（雪莱，1848）
A grammar of the English Language : In a ries of Letters( Cobbett, 1948)
英语语法：在一系列字母中（科贝特，1948）
概念：The body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the English language.
描述英语表达结构的规则体。
Descriptive:描述性的：
Describes and analyzes the language people actually u.
描述和分析人们实际使用的语言。
Prescriptive:规定性的：
Aims to lay down rules for “correct behavior, i.e., to tell people what they should day and what they should not say. 旨在制定“正确行为”的规则，即告诉人们应该说什么，不应该说什么。
1.2 Terminology 术语
Grammar: Morphology and Syntax 语法：词法和句法
Sentence: 句子：
Traditional view: the expression of a complete thought
传统观点：完整思想的表达
Modern view: the largest unit to which a grammatical structure can be assigned(internal structure)现代观点：一个语法结构能被指定的最大单位（内部结构）
From mantic point of view, morphemes are the minimal meaningful elements.从语义的角度看，语素是最小的有意义的成分。
For example: boys(2 morphemes: boy+s)例如： boys(2 个词素：boy+s)
From the macro-grammatical point of view: 从宏观语法角度：
A Sentence A ntence consist of one or more claus
我的钢琴
A Clau A clau consist of one or more phras
A Phra A phra consist of one or more words
A Word A word consist of one or more morphemes
A Morpheme
1.3 Morphemes 词素
Unmentionables
Un-- a meaning of negation（否定的意思）
mention various word forms（各种词形）
-able have the ability to （有能力做）
-s plurality（复数）
None of the gments can be further divided onto smaller gments function in the sarh阴性o型血
me way as they do. So: un-mention-able-s(4 morphemes total)这些片段中没有一个可以进一步划分为更小的片段，它们的功能与它们相同。所以，un-mention-able-s（总共4个词素）
From the mantic point of view, morphemes are the minimal meaningful elements.从语义的角度看，语素是最小的有意义的成分。
MORPHEMES 词素 | EXMAPLES例子 |
Bound黏着词素 | Affix 词缀 | Inflectional 曲折词缀 | -er/-est;-s/-es;-ed;-ing |
Derivational 派生词缀 | -ness;-ity; in-; -less |
Root/stem词根/词干 | Stone, friend |
素菜图片Free自由词素 | Open-class | Nouns, verbs, adjectives,adverbs |
Clod-class | Determiners, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries |
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1.4 Words 词汇
Words are classified in terms of the environment where they occur, their internal structure and their meaning.词汇是根据它们出现的环境、它们的内部结构和意义来分类的。
Open class: lexical/form 开放性：词汇/形式
Determined by three criteria: meaning, form and function由三个标准决定：意义、形式和功能
(1) I will book a ticket online.
(2) I love this book.
Clod class: Grammatical/function封闭类：语法/功能
1.5 Phras 短语
Phras 短语 | Head中心词 | Category Name类别 |
NP 名词短语 | N名词 | Noun名词 |
VP动词短语 | V动词 | Verb动词 |
PP介词短语 | P介词 | Preposition介词 |
AP形容词短语 | A形容词 | 分类标记Adjective形容词 |
加强财务管理AdvP副词短语 | Adv副词 | Adverb副词 | 糖醋鲤鱼怎么做
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