美国文学史复习
Colonial and Puritan literature（early American literature）
American Romanticism文强事件
Literary Naturalism
Imagism modernism
Postwar literature
一 Colonial and Puritan literature
清教徒的思想：
puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位，来源：(/s/blog_5d7e2e330100blsr.html) - 美国文学史复习1（colonialism)_苗苗_新浪博客puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步
我和哥哥
American puritanism（美国清教徒特点）:
idealists
More practical tougher
Hard work thrift piety sobriety
One being religions and the other practical
Basis of American literature; contributing to the development of symbolism; influence the style of American literature: simple direct
英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet（女）
二 Early American literature
代表作家：
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790
As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、
The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
十三个美德：Temperance Silence Order Resolution Frugality Industry Sincerity Justice Moderation Cleanliness Tranquility Chastity Humility
三 American Romanticism
The end of the 18th century (the sketches book 华盛顿 欧文)
The outbreak of civil war (leaves of grass 惠特曼)
Romanticism的特点：
pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多样 Individualistic个人主义 conflicting 矛盾
frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
Transcendentalism 超验主义 浪漫主义的高峰是超验主义（人 自然 宇宙的关系）
1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。
Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced rmons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。
二、代表作家：
1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 美国文学之父，短篇小说之父
the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家the first great pro stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。标志浪漫主义开端
咚咚锵
A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；
The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说如何省电-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家
2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀
contribution: launched two kinds of immenly popular stories → the a adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。 “
The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人
He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。
“滴水莲To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。
4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生
be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。
Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and lf-reliance自强.
作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》
5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.学生会文体部戴维.梭罗
Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。“In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作。“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》纯净的近义词essay 随笔。非暴力不合作
6、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔小班创意美术教案.霍桑
background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。
“The Hou of the Seven Gables”七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。
he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the percutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。
Hawthrone’s point of view:
Sen of sin and evil in life ,evil exists in the human heart;
Whenever there is sin, there is punishment ;
Evil educate ,Achievement is under the impact of and by engagement with evil
Disgust in science
Hawthrone’s style :typical romantic writer. A man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in the u of symbol, the revelation of character’s psychology, the u of supernatural mixed with the actual
