01. Humanism (人文主义) Humanism is the esnce of the Renaissance(文艺复兴). 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the prent life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the univer and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the prent life, but had the ability to perfect himlf and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance (文艺复兴) The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of $2 and Rome.2>the esnce of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) Metaphysical poetry is commonly ud to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. 04. Classism (古典主义) Classism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient $2 and $2. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally oppod to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment (启蒙运动) Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance(助长) of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpo was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in $2 were tho great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. 06. Neoclassicism (新古典主义) In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and tho of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its rvice to humanity. 07. The Graveyard School (墓地派诗歌) 1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century who poems are mostly devoted to a ntimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and prent, with death and graveyard as themes. 2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most reprentative work. 08. Romanticism (浪漫主义) 1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to $2. 2>it was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. 3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to e the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> the English romantic period is an age of poetry. This prevailed in $2 from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley. 09. Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immen superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would ri single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero” 10. Critical Realism (批判现实主义) Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist. 11. Aestheticism（美学主义） The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was t forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. 3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as oppod to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake. 美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔中年人生.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战. 12.The Victorian period (维多利亚) In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful reprentation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defen of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as reprented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread miry, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period. 13. Modernism (现代主义) Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical ca.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. Fresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the univer and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to u it and with writing itlf. 14. Stream of consciousness (意识流) (or interior monologue) In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which eks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought process. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the pro difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and nsory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner. 学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。意识流是现代主义运动的体现，它首先出现在心现学领域，由梅.辛克拉提出的，后引进文学领域。意识流写作通常被认为是一种特殊形式的内心独白.它的特别是联想性,以句法和标点的跳跃,文章的晦涩难懂为特征.来表现人物的片断思维和感官性直觉.比较著名的使用此技巧的有乔伊斯.福克纳 18. the Age of Realism (现实主义时期) 1).Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism; 2).During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up with a new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portrayal of class struggle; 3) so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class; 4) Mark Twain Howells and Henry James are three leading figures of the American Realism. 20. Naturalism (自然主义) 1>Naturalism is a literary movement related to and sometimes described as an extreme form of realism but which may be more appropriately considered as a parallel to philosophic Naturalism. 2>as a more deliberate kind of realism Naturalism usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. In Naturalism a more documentary-like approach is in evidence, with a great stress on how environment and heredity shape people. 3)>As a literary movement, Naturalism was initiated in $2. 4> Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully rearched investigations into unexplored concerns of modern society. 21. Local Colorist (乡土文学) Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic tting is the isolated small town. 2) Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a prent that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their ntimentality, they dedicated themlves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local. 3) Major local colorists are Mark Twain. 22. Imagism (意象主义) Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the n of fragmentation and dislocation.2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express the momentary impressions is through the u of one dominant image.3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles: A. direct treatment of subject matter; B .economy of expression C. as regards rhythm ,to compo in the quence of the musical phra, not in the quence of metronome. 4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem. 23. The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代) The lost generation is a term first ud by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a n of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, the individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known reprentatives of lost generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Pass 25. The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) 1>the members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines. Who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity? 2> The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style. 3> the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s howl. Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation. 27. Surrealism (超现实主义) An anti-rational movement of imaginative liberation in European art and literature in the 1920s and 1930s, launched by Andre Breton after his break from the Dada group in 1922. Surrealism eks to break down the boundaries between rationality and irrationality, exploring the resources and revolutionary energies of dreams, hallucinations and xual desire. Influenced both by the symbolists and by Sigmund Freud’s theories of the unconscious, the surrealists experimented with automatic writing and with the free association of random images brought in surprising juxtaposition. 超现实主义是20世纪20年代和30年代在欧洲文艺和文学界发起的一场反对理性提倡思想解放的运动.这场运动由安德烈.布里多尼和达达派决裂后发起.超现实主义试图打破理性和非理性之间的界限.探讨梦.幻觉以及性欲的源头和动力.由于受到象征主义和弗洛伊德无意思理论的影响,超现实主义将自由联想和自由写作以不可思议的形式并置合并在一起. 28. Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人） It is the name given to a diver group of 17th century english poets who work is notable for its ingenious u of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poets were John Donne, who colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. 29. New Criticism (新批评主义) New Criticism is a movement in American literary criticism from the 1930s to the 1960s, concentrating on the verbal complexities and ambiguities of short poems considered as lf-sufficient objects without attention to their origins or effects. The name comes from John C. Ransom’s book The New Criticism. 30. Feminism(女权主义) Feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.2>in general, feminism is ideology of women’s liberation bad on the belief that women suffer injustice becau of their x. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analys of the caus, or agents, of female oppression.3> definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression. 31. Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄) Hemingway Code Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more nsitive, enjoys the pleasures of life( x, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himlf.2> Barnes in the sun also Ris, Henry in a Farewell to arms and Santiago in the old man and the a are typical of Hemingway Code Hero 32. Impressionism (印象主义) 1>Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or tting or action. 2>briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather that realistic mood. 33. Post modernity (后现代主义) It is a disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early 1980s. in its simplest and least satisfactory n it refers generally to the pha of 20th century western culture that succeeded the reign of high modernism, thus indicating the products of the “space age” after some time in the 1950s. More often, though it is applied to a cultural condition prevailing in the advanced capitalist societies since the 1960s, characterized by a superabundance of disconnected images and styles. In this n, post modernity is said to be a culture of fragmentary nsations, eclectic nostalgia, disposable simulacra, and promiscuous superficiality, in which the traditionally valued qualities of depth, coherence, meaning originality and authenticity are evacuated or dissolved amid the random swirl of empty signals. 这个具有争议的名字概念是从20世纪80年代早期开始应用于近几十年的现代文化领域.最简单也最难说服人的说法是后现代主义是20世纪西方文明继高度现代主义之后的一个阶段.后现代主义是50年代太空时代的产物.通常它被用来解释自60年代起先进资本主义社会主要的社会文化现象.从这个意义上说.后现代主义被认为是片断构建的编织.折衷的怀旧主义,滥用的仿物以及混杂的浅浮,而传统所强调的深度.连贯.意义的原创性,真实性都在空洞信号的随意泛滥中消失瓦解. 38. Realism (现实主义) Realism was a looly ud term meaning truth to the obrved facts of life(especially when they are gloomy). Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity. 39. Meditative Poetry (冥想派诗歌) 01. Allegory (寓言) Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itlf.2>allegorical novels u extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. characters in the novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.3>Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Melville’s Moby Dick are such examples. 02. Alliteration (头韵) 1>Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of veral words in a line or group. 2>alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature. 3>Robert Frost’s Acquainted with the Night is a ca in point: “I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet” 03. Ballad (民谣) Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester.(抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗)2>.ballads were pasd down from generation to generation. 3>Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad. 写作技巧有哪些 04. epic (史诗) Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-saxons. 05. Lay (短叙事诗) It is a short poem,usually a romantic narrative,intended to be sung or recited by a minstrel. 06. Romance (传奇)日记题材 Romance is a popular literary form in the medi england.2>it sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3> chivalry is the spirit of the romance. 07. Alexandrine (亚历山大诗行) The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this metre.2>it is an iambic line of six feet, which is the french heroic ver. 08. Blank Ver (无韵诗或素体广义地说) Blank ver is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant ver form of english dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century. 09. Comedy (喜剧) Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amu and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect aris from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot. 10. Essay (随笔) The term refers to literary composition devoted to the prentation of the writer’s own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the essay differs from such fomal forms as the thesis, disrtation or treati. 12. History Plays (历史剧) History plays aim to prent some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy. They almost tell stories about the nobles, the true people in history, but not ordinary people.the principle idea of Shakespeare’s history plays is the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign. 13. Masquesc or Masks (假面剧) Masquesc( or Masks) refer to the dramatic entertainments involving dances and disguis, in which the spectacular and musical elements predominated over plot and character. As they were usually performed at court, often at very great expen, many have political overtones. 14. Morality plays (道德剧) A kind of medi and early Renaissance drama that prents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience,etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does not necessarily u Biblical or strictly religious material becau it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being. 15.Sonnet (十四行诗) It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its prentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known. 16. Spenrian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)52 Spenrian Stanza is the creation of Edmund spenr.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines,with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3> spenr’s the Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza. 17. Stanza (诗节) Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the staza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem. 18. Three Unities (三一原则) Three rules of 16th and 17th century italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle’sPoetics<诗学>: 2> the unity of time, which limits a play to a single day; the unity of place, which limits a play’s tting in a single location; 3> and the unity of action, which limits a play to a single story line. 19. Tragedy (悲剧) In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic. 21.Metar (格律) The word”meter” is derived from the greek word”metron” meaning”measure”. 2>in english when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stresd and unstresd syllables.3> the analysis of the meter is called scansion(格律分析) 24. Soliloquy (独白) 1>Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud.. 2>the line “to be , or not to be,that is the question”,which begins the famous soliloquy from shakespeare’s Hamlet. 25.Narrative Poem (叙述诗) Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story in ver,2>three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads, epics, metrical romances. 3>it may consist of a ries of incidents, as John Milton’s paradi lost 27. Beowulf (贝奥武甫) Beowulf, a typical example of old english poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of t he Anglo-saxons. 2> the epic describes the exploits of a scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful nother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people. 29. Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人) A name given to supporters of Charles I in the civil war. The poets were not a formal group, but all influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet. Their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, preci but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit. 30. Elegy (挽歌) Elegy has typically been ud to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form. 31. Restoration Comedy (复辟时期喜剧) Restoration Comedy, also the comedy of manners, developed upon the reopening of the theatres after the re-establishment of monarchy with the return of charles II.. its predominant tone was witty, bawdy, cynical, and amoral. Standard characters include fops, bawds, scheming valets, country squires, and xually voracious young widows and older women. The priciple theme is xual intrigue, either for its own sake or for money. 复辟时期的喜剧,又称社会习俗讽刺喜剧,是在查理二世君主复辟后剧院重新开业的基础上发展起来的,其主要的基调是诙谐,淫秽,挖苦和非道德.标准的角色包括花花公子,鸨母,诡计多端的仆人,乡绅,性欲旺盛的年轻寡妇和老女人.主要的主题是奸情,有的是为了性,有的是为了钱. 32. Action (情节) A real or fictional event or ries of such events comprising the subject of a novel, story, narrative poem, or a play, especially in the n of what the characters do in such a narrative. 33. Adventure novel (探险小说) The adventure novel is a literary genry that has adventure, an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger, as its main theme, in which exciting events and fast paced actions are more important than character development, theme, or symbolism. 34. Archaism (古语) A word, expression, spelling,or phra that is out of date in the common speech of an era, but still deliberately ud by writer, poet, or playwright for artistic purpos. 35. Atmosphere (基调) The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of tting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the werrors to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes 37. Epigram (警句) A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a poem. 39. The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) The Heroic Couplet means a pair of lines of a type once common in english poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 40. Satire (讽刺) Satire means a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general.2> the aim of satirists is to t a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to e their point of view through the force of laughter.3> Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is a great satire of the english society from different aspects. 41. Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学) Sentimentalism is a pejorative term to describe fal or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, lf-regarding postures of grief and pain,2> in literature it denotes overmuch u of pathetic effects and attempts to arou feeling by “pathetic” indulgence. 42. Aside (旁白) Aside refers to words spoken by an actor which the other actors arw suppod no to hear,2> an actor’r asides are usually spoken to the audience.3>Hamlet’s very first line is an aside. 43.Denouement (戏剧结局) Denouement, pronounced Dee-noo-na, is that part of a drama which follows the climax and leads to the resolution. 44. parable (寓言) A parable is a very short narrative about human beings prented so as to stress the tacit analogy, or parallel, with a general thesis or lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his adience. 45. Genre (流派) A type or category of literature marked by certain shared feartures or customs. The three broadest categories of genre include poetry, drama, and fiction. 46. Irony (反讽) It refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality. It is a discrepancy between what is expected and what is revealed. It may be found either in language usage or in the working out of the action of a story.2> surpri endings always depend on some sort of irony, often crude. Irony may appear in the difference between a character’s undertanding of his or her situation and the reader’s estimate of it . 47. Lyric (抒情诗) Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet express an emotion or illustrates some life principle.2>Lyric often concerns love. 3>the elegy, ode and sonnet are all forms of the lyric. 48. Mock Epic (诙谐史诗) A mock epic is a long poem that burlesques the classical epic by treating a trivial subject in the lofty style. The poet often takes an elevated style of language, but incongruously applies that language to mundane or ridiculous objects and situations.Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock is perhaps the finest mock epic poem in english. 49. Ode (颂歌) Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.2> John Keats wrote great Odes, his Ode on a Grecian Urn is a ca in point. 51. Pastoral (田园诗) A literary work dealing with and often celebrating a rural world and a way of life lived clo to nature. It usually idealized shepherds’ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. Typically, pastoral liturgy depicts beautiful scenery, carefree shepherds, ductive nymphs, and rural songs and dances. A good example of pastoral poetic conventions occurs in Marlowe’s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. 52.Terza Rima (三行诗) Terza Rima is an Italian ver that consists of a ries three-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme a b a, b c b , c d c, d e d…. 2>shelly’s Ode to the west wind is a ca in point. 53. Ottava Rima (八行诗) Ottava Rima is a form of eight-line iambic stanza rhyming abababcc.2>Byron’s Don Juan are outstanding examples. 54. Canto (诗章) 1>Canto is a ction of division of an epic or narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel. 2>the most famous cantos in literature are tho that make up Dante’s Divine comedy, a 14th century epic. 56.Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) In english literature $2 $2 refer to such romantic poets as william wordsworth, coleridge and southey who lived in the lake District. They came to be known as the lake school or Lakers. 57. Imagery (比喻) A rather vague critical term covering tho us of language in a literary work that evoke nimpressions by literal or figurative reference to perceptible or “concrete” objects, scenes, actions, or state as distinct from the language of abstract argument or expositon.2> the imagery of a literary work thus compris the t of images that it us, the need not be mental”pictures” but may appeal to ns other than sight. 58. Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白） Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, who personality is revealed while the implied prence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy, have also been called Dramatic monologue.but to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to the simply as monologues or as monodramas.2>Robert Browning’s My Last Duchess is a ca in point. 59. Pre-Raphaelites (先拉菲尔派) A mid-19th century lf-styled brotherhood of London artists, all young, who united to resist current artistic conventions and to create ,or recreate, art forms in u before the period of Raphel.2>the poetry of the Pre-Raphaelites showed a distinct liking for mediism, 18th century ballads, archaic diction, symbolism and nsuousness. The poets were considerably under the influence of Spenr. 先拉菲尔派是19世纪中叶旅居在伦敦的一群年轻艺术家自发组成的兄弟会,他们联合起来抵制当时的艺术传统,主张创造或再创造拉菲尔艺术时期之前的艺术形式.先拉菲尔派的诗歌明显对中世纪艺术,18世纪歌谣,古老的修辞手法,象征主义及感官享受表示青睐. 60. Psychological novel (心理小说) Psychological novel refers to a kind of novel that dwells on a complex Psychological development and prents much of the narration through the inner workings of the character’s mind. 61.Point of View (叙述角度) Point of view can be divided by the narrator’s relationship with the character, reprented by the grammatical person: the first-person narrative, the third-person narrative, and omniscient narrator. 62. plot (情节) Plot refers to the structure of a story,2> the plot of a literary work includes the rising action, the climax, the falling action and the resolution. It has a protagonist who is oppod by an antagonist ,creating what is called conflict. 63. Allusion (典故) Allusion means a reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. 2> an Allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion. 3>allusion is a device that allows writer to compress a great deal of meaning into a very few words. 64. Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) In literary work protagonist refers to the hero or central character who is often hindered by some opposing force either human or animan. Antagonist is a person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine. 65. Flashback (倒叙) P133 A device by which the writer prents scenes or incidents that occurred prior to the beginning of a story or play.2> various devices may be ud, among them recollections of the characters, narration by the characters, dream quence and reveries. This is a break in the chronological quence of a story made to deal with earlier events. 66. Narration It is a synonym for story-telling. 2> in fiction, narrative passages are to be distinguished from descriptions and scenes, in narrative passages the chronology is condend so that relatively few words will encompass the events of an extended period of time. Most writers u narrative passages to fill in the links between events. There were two types of narration, first-person narration and third-person narration. 67. Ambiguity Ambiguity means two or more simultaneous interpretations of a word, phra, action, or situation, all of which can be supported by the context of a work.2> deliberate ambiguity can contribute to the effectiveness and richness of a work, however, unintentional ambiguity obscures meaning and can confu readers. 69. Symbolism (象征主义) Symbolism works under the surface to tie the story’s external action to the theme. It was often produced through allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one correspondence. 72. Existentialism (存在主义) Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent univer, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stress freedom of choice and responsibility for the conquences of one’s acts.2>its famous motto is“existence precedes esnce”(存在先于本质) 73. Anti-hero (反面人物) Anti-hero is a character who lacks the qualities needed for heroism.2>an anti-hero does not poss nobility of life or mind and does not have an attitude marked by high purpoand lofty aim.3>anti-hero typically distrust conventional values and are unable to commit themlves to any ideals.they generally feel helpless in a world,over which they have no control.anti-heroes usually accept succumb to, and often celebrate, their positions as social outcasts. 74 . Round Character (丰满的人物茶禅一味) A Round Character is conplex and undergoes development, sometimes reaches the point that the reader is surpri. 75. Flat character (平淡的人物) Flat character is relatively uncomplicated and does not change throughout the cour of a literary work. 76. Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Oedipus complex is a term coined by sigmund freud to designate a son’s subconscious feeling of love toward his mather and jealousy and hatred toward his father.2>D.H.Lawrence’s Sons and lovers is a ca in point. 77.omniscience (无所不知的) The narrator is capble of knowing, eing and telling all the actions of the character. And the narrator feels free to make comments on the meaning of actions.2> it is characterized by freedom in shifting from the exterior world to the inner lves of a number of characters and by a freedom in movement both in time and space. 78. Poetry (诗歌) Poetry is one of the three types( or genres) of literature. The others being pro and drama. Poems are often divided into lines and stanzas. Many poem emply regular rhythmical patterns, or meters. However, some are written in free ver. Most poems make u of highly conci, musical, and emotionally charged language. 79. Rhyme (押韵) Rhyme is the repetiton of sounds at the ends of words. End rhyme occurs when rhyming words appear at the ends of lines.internal rhyme occurs when rhyming words fall within a line. 80. Iambic pentameter (五音步诗) Iambic pentameter is the most common english meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable. 81. Rhyme royal Rhyme royal is a poetic pattern with ven iambic pentameters rhyming ababbcc. Which pronounce a final short e, and often end in an 11th, unstresd syllable. 82. Shakespearean sonnet (莎士比亚十四行诗) Shakespearean sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a couplet( rhyming abab cdcd efef gg). 83. Italian or petranrchan sonnet(意大利十四行诗) Italian or petranrchan sonnet,compod of an octave and s stet( rhyming abbaabba cdecde). 84. Alliteration and assonance (头韵和半韵) Alliteration and assonance are said to rhyme only today when the sound of the final accented syllable of one word( paced usually at the end of a line of ver) agrees with the final accented syllable of another word so place. 85. Poetic licen (诗的破格) Poentic licen means such liberties a poet adopts as “approximate rhymes”, or “eye-rhymes”.(words which are spelled alike but not pronounced alike) 86. Epiphany (主显节) Epiphany is an appearance or perception of the esntial nature or meaning of something, which is adapted by James Joyce to describe the sudden revelation of whatness of a thing, the moment in which the soul of the commonest object ems to us radiant. 87. Psychological penetration (心理透视) Psychological penetration is a writing device that involves such psychological elements as “Id”, “ego”, “superego” in the depiction of characters’ inner thinking or mental activities. 88. Legend (传说) Legend is a widely told story about the past that may or may not be bad in fact. A legend often reflects a people’s identity or cultural values, generally with more historical and less emphasis on the supernatural things in a myth. 89. Myth (神话) Myth is a fictional tale originally with religious significance, which explains the actions of gods or heroes, the caus of natural phenomena, or both. Allusions to characters and motifs from Greek, Roman, Celtic myths are common in english literature. 90. Pessimism (悲观主义) Pessimism denotes an attitude of hopelessness towards life, a vague general opinion that pain and evil predominate in human affairs. 91. Jacobean age (英王詹姆斯一世时期) Referring to the reign of King James I of $2, the term came from the Latin form of James, Jacobus. It is generally applied to the literature(especially drama) of that period. 92. Tragicomedy (悲喜剧) Tragicomedy is a play in which the action, though apparently leading to a catastrope, is reveerd to bring about a happy ending.2> the typical tragicomedy concerns noble characters involved in improbable situations. Love, frequently en as a contrast of the pure and the nsual, is the central motive of the elaborate plot, in which both hero and heroine are rescued from imminent disaster so that the play may conclude happily. 93. Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧) Popular during the Restoration period, the plays are concerned with the manners and conventions of an artificial and “highly sophisticated” society. A hundred years later, Goldsmith and sheridan also wrote plays of the same nature. 94. Gothic novel (哥特式小说) Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.2> Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque,violent,mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.3> Gothic, originally in the n of “medi, not classical”. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. 95. Historical novel (历史小说) A novel in which the action takes place during a specitic historical well before the time of writing,(often one or two generations before, sometimes veral centuries). And in which some attempt ih made to depict accuratelly the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined--- is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome, the pioneers of this genre were walter scott and cooper. 历史小说指故事发生在特定历史时期的一类小说,(通常相隔一代或两代,有时几个世纪),这类小说试图准确描述当时那个时期的风俗以及人的思想情况,主人公或虚构或真实,通常被置于历史冲突中,而这个事件的结局早已为读者所熟知,历史小说的开创者是沃尔特.司格特和库珀. 96.Unitarianism (上帝一位论) Unitarianism is, in general, the form of christianity that denies the doctrineof the trinity. Believing that God exists only in one person, modern Unitarianism originated in the period of the protestant Reformation. 上帝一位论从总体上说是基督教的一派,反对上帝三位一体说,相信上帝只存在于一个人身上,现代的上帝一位论起源于新教改革时期. 99. Consonance (和音) It refers to the repetition of identical or similar consomants in neighboring words who vowel sounds are different in a line of poetry. 100. Free Ver (自由体诗歌) Free ver means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry compod without paying attention to conventional rules of meter.2> free ver was originated by a group of french poets of the late 19th century.3>their purpo was to free themlves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech.4>walt whitman’s leaves of grass is , perhaps, the most notable example.01.Symbol(象征) Symbol means an act ,a person, a thing, or a spectacle that stands for something el, usually something less palpable than the named symbol.2>the relationship between the symbol and its referent is not often one of simple equivalence. Allegorical symbols usually express a neater equivalence with what they stand for than the symbols found in modern realistic fiction. 02. Theme (主题) Theme means t he unifying point or general idea of a literary work.2>it provides an answer to such question as “what is the work about”3>each literary work carries its own theme or themes. 06. Theatre of the Absurb (荒谬剧) The absurd is a kind of drama that explains an existential ideology and prents a view of the absurdity of the human condition by the abandoning of usual or rational devices and the u of nonrealistic form.2>the most original playwright of the theater of absurd is Samuel beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in a alien,decaying world. 13. Magie realism (试探的意思魔幻现实主义) It is a kind of modern fiction in which fabulous and fantastical events are included in anarrative that otherwi maintains the “reliable” tone of objective realistic report.the term has been extended to works from very different cultures, designating a tendency of the modern novel to reach beyond the confines of realism and draw upon the energies of fable, folktale and myth while retaining a strong contemporary social relevance. 14. Analogy (类比) (a figure of speech) A comparison made between tow things to show the similarities between them. Analogies are often ud for illustration or for argument. 15. Anapest (抑抑扬格) It’s made up of two unstresd and one stresd syllables, with the two unstresd ones in front. 16. Antagonist (次要人物) A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine. 17. Antithesis (对立) (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phras, or ntences. An antithesis is often expresd in a balanced ntence, that is, a ntence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is ud to express contrasting ideas. 18. Aphorism (格言) A conci, pointed statement expressing a wi or clever obrvation about life. 虾红20. Argument (论据) A form of discour in which reason is ud to influence or change people’s idea or actions. Writers practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches. 21. Autobiography (自传) A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection 23. Biography (传记) A detailed account of a person’s life written by another person. 26. Character (人物) In appreciating a short story, characters are an indispensable element. Characters are the persons prented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is prented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is reprented with subtle particularity. 27. Characterization (性格描绘) the means by which a writer reveals that personality. 28. Climax (高潮) The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspen in a gogotory’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increa of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes ud interchangeably with climax. 29. Conflict (冲突) A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end. 30. Connotation (隐含意义) All the emotions and associations that a word or phra may arou. Connotation is distinct from denotation, which is the literal or “ dictionary” meaning of a word or phra. 31. Couplet (对偶) Two concutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet. 32. Dactyl (扬抑抑格) It’s made up of one stresd and two unstresd syllables, with the stresd in front. 33. Denotation (意义) The literal or“dictionary” meaning of a word. 34. Denouement (结局) The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part of a play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and crets connected with the plot are explained. 35. Description (叙述) It is a great part of conversation and of almost all writing. It is a part of autobiography, storytelling. With description, the writer tries terror, feel, and hear by showing rather than by merely telling. It’s through the u of specific details and concrete language that abstract ideas and half-formed thoughts are make vividly real. We have objective and subjective description. 36. Diction (措词) A writer’s choice of words, particularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision. 37. Dissonance (不协和音) A harsh or disagreeable combination of sounds; discord. 38. Emblematic image (象征比喻) A verbal picture or figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it. 44. Exposition (解释说明) (1) That part of a narrative or drama in which important background information is revealed. (2) It is the kind of writing that is intended primarily to prent information. Exposition is one of the major forms of discour. The most familiar form it takes is in essays. Exposition is also that part of a play in which important background information is revealed to the audience. 45. Fable (寓言) A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters, which illustrate a moral. 46. Figurative language (比喻语言) Language that is not intended to be interpreted in a literal n. By appealing to the imagination, figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. Figurative language consists of such figures of speech as hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron(矛盾修饰法秋翁), personification, simile, and synecdoche. 47. Figure of speech (修辞特征) A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in a literal n. The most common kinds of figures of speech—simile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy—involve a comparison between unlike things. 48. Foil (衬托) A character who ts off another character by contrast. 49. Foot (脚注) It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stresd and unstresd syllables. 50. Hyperbole (夸张) A figure of speech using exaggeration, or overstatement, for special effect. 51. Iamb (抑扬格) It is the most commonly ud foot in English poetry, in which an unstresd syllable comes first, followed by a stresd syllable. 59. Metaphor (暗喻) A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not u a connective word such as like, as, or rembles in making the comparison. 63. Motivation (动机) The reasons, either stated or implied, for a character’s behavior. To make a story believable, a writer must provide characters with motivation sufficient to explain what they do. Characters may be motivated by outside events, or they may be motivated by inner needs or fears. 64. Multiple Point of View (多视角) It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner ud, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The u of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment. 65. Narrator (叙述者) One who narrates, or tells, a story. A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all. The word narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it. 67. Nonfiction (写实文学) It refers to any pro narrative that tells about things as the actually happened or that prents factual information about something. The purpo of this kind of writing is to give a presumably accurate accounting of a person’s life. Writers of nonfiction u the major forms of discour: description (an impression of the subject); narration (the telling of the story); exposition (explanatory information); persuasion (an argument to influence people’s thinking). Forms: autobiography, biography, essay, story, editorial, letters to the editor found in newspaper, diary, journal, travel literature. 68. Novel (小说) A book-length fictional pro narrative, having may characters and often a complex plot. 69. Octave (八行体诗) he eight-line stanza. 2 quatrains/ 2 triplets + 1 couplet. 70. Onomatopoeia (拟声法构词) The u of a word who sound in some degree imitates or suggests its meaning. 71. Oxymoron (矛盾修辞法) a figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms. An oxymoron suggests a paradox, but it does so very briefly, usually in two or three words. 72. Paradox (自相矛盾) A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it ems at first to be lf-contradictory and untrue. 73. Parallelism (平行) (a figure of speech) The u of phras, claus, or ntences that are similar or complementary in structure or in meaning. Parallelism is a form of repetition. 74. Pathos (哀婉) The quality in a work of literature or art that arous the reader’s feelings of pity, sorrow, or compassion for a character. The term is usually ud to refer to situations in which innocent characters suffer through no fault of their own. 75. Persuasion (说服) It’s the type of speaking or writing that is intended to make its audience adopt a certain opinion or perform an action or do both. Persuasion is one of the major forms of discour. 76. Pictorialism (图像) It’s an important poetic device characterized by efforts to achieve striking visual effects. Among its features are irregularity of line, contrast or enchantment of light, color and image. Other means of pictorialism include personification, juxtaposition and the matching of colors with verbs of action. 77. Pre-Romanticism (先浪漫主义) It originated among the conrvative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”. The term arising from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medi times. 78. Protagonist (正面人物) The central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the character on whom the action centers and with whom the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist strives against an opposing force, or antagonist , to accomplish something. 79. Psalm (圣歌) A song or lyric poem in prai of God. 80. Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. His novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.早餐图片大全 81. Pun (双关语) The u of a word or phra to suggest tow or more meaning at the same time. Puns are generally humorous. 82. Quatrain (四行诗) Usually a stanza or poem of four lines. A quatrain may also be any group of four lines unified by a rhyme scheme. Quatrains usually follow an abab, abba, or abcb rhyme scheme. 83.Quintain (五行诗) the five-line stanza. 84. Refrain (叠句) A word phra, line or group of lines repeated regularly in a poem, usually at the end of each stanza. Refrains are often ud in ballads and narrative poems to create a songlike rhythm and to help build suspen. Refrains can also rve to emphasize a particular idea. 85. Rhythm (韵律) It is one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry. It is the arrangement of stresd and unstresd syllables into a pattern. Rhythm often gives a poem a distinct musical quality. Poets also u rhythm to echo meaning. 86. Scansion (诗的韵律分析) The analysis of ver in terms of meter. 87. Septet (七重唱) the ven-line stanza. Chaucerian stanza: ababbcc. 88. Sestet (六重唱) the six-line stanza. 3couplets/ a quatrain + a couplet/ 2 triplets. 89. Setting (背景) The time and place in which the events in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem occur. Setting can give us information, vital to plot and theme. Often, tting and character will reveal each other. 90. Short Story (短篇小说) A short story is a brief pro fiction, usually one that can be read in a single sitting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction—characterization, tting, theme, plot, point of view, and style. 91. Simile (明喻) (a figure of speech) A comparison make between two things through the u of a specific word of comparison, such as like, as than, or rembles. The comparison must be between two esntially unlike things. |
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