the spheres of living阅读理解
This article is lected from Feng Yu-Lan's A Short History of Chine Philosophy, aiming to discuss the function of traditional Chine philosophy from the perspective of living spheres.
The Spheres of Living
人生的境界
What is the function of philosophy? In chapter one I suggested that, according to Chine philosophical tradition, its function is not the increa of positive knowledge of matters of fact, but the elevation of the mind. Here it would em well to explain more clearly what I mean by this statement.
哲学的任务是什么？在第一章里我说，按照中国哲学的传统，哲学的任务不是为了人对客观实际增加正面的知识，而是为了提高人的心智。这里正是对这句话加以说明的一个好机会。
In my book, 运动员营养The New Treati on the Nature of Man, I have obrved that man differs from other animals in that when he does something, he understands what he is doing, and is conscious that he is doing it. It is this understanding and lf-consciousness that give significance for him to what he is doing. The various significance that thus attaches to his various acts, in their totality, constitute what I call his sphere of living. Different men may do the same things, but according to their different degrees of understanding and lf-consciousness, the things may have varying significance to them. Every individual has his own sphere of living, which is not quite the same as that of any other individual. Yet in spite of the individual differences, we can classify the various spheres of living into four general grades. Beginning with the lowest, they are: the innocent sphere, the utilitarian sphere, the moral sphere, and the transcendent sphere.
在我所著《新原人》（人性新论）里，我说过自己的看法：人与其他动物不同，在于当他做什么事时，他知道自己在做的是什么事，并且自己意识到，是在做这件事。正是这种理解和自我意识使人感到他正在做的事情的意义。人的各种行动带来了人生的各种意义；这些意义的总体构成了我所称的“人生境界”。不同的人们可能做同样的事情，但是他们对这
些事情的认识和自我意识不同，因此，这些事情对他们来说，意义也不同。每个人有他的生命活动的范围，与其他任何人都不完全一样。尽管人和人之间有种种差别，我们仍可以把各种生命活动范围归结为四等。由最低的说起，这四等是：一本天然的“自然境界”，讲求实际利害的“功利境界”，“正其义，不谋其利”的“道德境界”，超越世俗、自同于大全的“天地境界”。
函的模板A man may simply do what his instinct or the custom of his society leads him to do. Like children and primitive people, he does what he does without being lf-conscious or greatly understanding what he is doing. Thus what he does has little significance, if any, for him. His sphere of living is what I call the innocent sphere.
一个人可以按照他的本能或社会习俗而生活。这样的人好像儿童或原始社会中的人，他们做各种事情，而对自己所做的事缺乏自觉，或并不真正意识到它的意义。因此，他所做的对自己并没有什么意义，这种人生是“自然境界”的人生。
设备更新Or man may be aware of himlf, and be doing everything for himlf. That does not mean that he is necessarily an immoral man. He may do something, the conquences o
f which are beneficial to others, but his motivation for so doing is lf-benefit. Thus everything he does has the significance of utility for himlf. His sphere of living is what I call the utilitarian sphere.
还有一种人，他有私，时刻意识到自己，所做的事情都是为了自己。这不一定表明他就是全然不讲道德。他也可以做一些于别人有益的事情，但他这样做的动机是为了自己的好处。因此，他所做的每一件事，对他自己来说，都是“有用”的。他的人生境界可以称作“功利境界”。
Yet again a man may come to understand that a society exists, of which he is a member. This society constitutes a whole and he is a part of that whole. Having this understanding, he does everything for the benefit of the society, or as the Confucianists say, he does everything for the sake of righteousness, and not for the sake of personal profit. He is the truly moral man and what he does is moral action in the strict n of the word. Everything he does has a moral significance. Hence his sphere of living is what I call the moral sphere.
还可能有些人，懂得世上并不是只有自己，还存在着一个社会，它是一个整体，自己是社会的一个组成部分。本着这样的理解，他做任何事情，都是为了整个社会的好处；或者用儒家的话来说，他行事为人是为义，而不是为利（“正其义而不谋其利”），他是真正有道德的人，所做的都合乎道德，都具有道德的意义。他的人生境界可以称之为“道德境界”。
西瓜霜喷雾
And finally, a man may come to understand that over and above society as a whole, there is the great whole which is the univer. He is not only a member of society, but at the same time a member of the univer. He is a citizen of the social organization, but at the same time a citizen of heaven, as Mencius says. Having this understanding, he does everything for the benefit of the univer. He understands the significance of what he does and is lf-conscious of the fact that he is doing what he does. This understanding and lf-consciousness constitute for him a higher sphere of living which I call the transcendent sphere.远足感想
最后，人也可以达到一种认识：知道在社会整体之上，还有一个大全的整体，就是宇宙。他不仅是社会的一个成员，还是宇宙的一个成员。就社会组织来说，他是一个公民，但他
同时还是一个“天民”，或称“宇宙公民”。这是孟子早已指出的。一个人具有这样的意义，在做每一件事时，都意识到，这是为宇宙的好处。他懂得自己所做的事情的意义，并且自觉地这样做。这种理解和自觉使他处于一个更高的人生境界，我称之为在精神上超越人间世的“天地境界”。微信怎么绑定银行卡
Of the four spheres of living, the innocent and the utilitarian are the products of man as he is, while the moral and the transcendent are tho of man as he ought to be. The former two are the gifts of nature, while the latter two are the creations of the spirit. The innocent sphere is the lowest, the utilitarian comes next, then the moral, and finally the transcendent. They are so becau the innocent sphere requires almost no understanding and lf-consciousness, whereas the utilitarian and the moral require more, and the transcendent requires most. The moral sphere is that of moral values, and the transcendent is that of super-moral values.
在这四种人生的境界中，前两种都是人的自然状态，后两种是人应有的生命状态。前两个境界可以说是来自天然，后两种境界则是人自己的心灵所创造的。自然境界是最低级的存
在，功利境界比自然境界稍高一点，更高是道德境界，最高是天地境界。这样排列是因为，自然境界的人生不需要对人生有任何理解和自我意识；功利境界和道德境界需要有一点对人生的理解和自我意识；天地境界需要的人生理解和自我意识则最高。道德境界所讲求的是道德价值，天地境界所讲求的则是超越道德的价值。
