摘要
微生物吸附技术处理低浓度含铀废水,既控制铀的污染,达到环保要求,又可回收铀,产生经济效益,具有重要的科学意义和现实意义。
本文利用培养的枯草芽孢杆菌,先对培养出的枯草芽孢杆菌进行生长曲线测定和耐受性分析,后用以去除低浓度含铀废水,讨论了在不同影响因素下枯草芽孢杆菌对铀的吸附效能,并探讨了其预处理和固定化后的吸附与解吸情况。为优化吸附过程和探讨生物吸附法在工业上的应用,也进行了热、动力学和机理分析。
吸附试验结果表明,培养时间为2.5h时,细菌量最大。初步认为,0-1h为停滞期,1-2.5h为对数期,静止期较短,很快过渡到衰亡期。枯草芽孢杆菌对铀的耐受浓度高达500mg/L。实验中发现pH值、铀离子的初始浓度、吸附时间、废水中共存离子等都会影响其吸附量和吸附效率,其中最优pH值为6.0,吸附率与铀离子初始浓度呈负相关,与吸附时间、温度和菌体浓度大体上呈正相关。当铀溶液初始浓度为150mg/L时,吸附率为79.6%,吸附量达到358.18mg/g;在其他吸附条件相同时,30min和20℃条件下吸附效能最好;菌体浓度为0.5g/L 时,吸附率高达99.2%。Al3+、Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu2+等阳离子和CO32-对吸附影响很大。经30%乙醇处理后,枯草芽孢杆菌对铀的吸附率增加了21.0%,但固定化处理菌体效果不明显。在解吸实验中,1mol/L的NaHCO3和1mol/L,0.01 mol/LNa2CO3解吸率高到99%,是良好的解吸剂。
结果证明,枯草芽孢杆菌对铀的生物吸附,其热力学方程更适合Freundlich 模型,证明此吸附过程并不完全是单层分子的表面吸附。在不同初始浓度下,该吸附体系是吸热反应,反应能自发进行。所拟合的二级动力学方程相关系数远高于一级动力学方程,R2在0.97以上,为最优动力学拟合方程。TEM和SEM分析结果表明了铀的胞内吸附,也可能吸附在细胞表面上。IR分析结果证明了羧基、氨基和酰胺基在铀吸附过程中起重要作用。
总的来说,枯草芽孢杆菌对低浓度含铀废水有很好的去除效果,生物吸附法对含铀废水的处理具有广阔的应用前景。
关键词:枯草芽孢杆菌;铀;生物吸附;预处理;固定化。
给我一个微笑就够了
Studies on Biosorpion of Uranium with Low Concentration
by Bacillus subtilis
Abstract
Biosorption of uranium in low concentration as a technology could control the pollution of uranium and recover it from wastewater,which meets the need of environmental pollution treatment and produces economic benefits.It is necessary to be carried out theoretically and practically.
The Bacillus subtilis was cultured firstly in this paper.Then they were ud to determine the growth curve and to make endurance analysis.Later they were ud to remove uranium from wastewater of low concentration.Also the adsorption efficiencies of this bacterium to uranium under the condition of the different influencing factors were studied.Finally the adsorption and desorption capacities of bacteria after pretreatment and immobilization were discusd.The equilibrium sorption behavior of the dry biomass,the thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process(△H◦,△S◦,and△G◦),and the optimal kinetic model were also investigated to optimize the biosorption process and to improve Bacillus subtilis applying in industry.
The biosorption experimental results indicated that the bacterium quantities were most after the culture time of2.5h.It was believed that0-1h was dead time,1-2.5h log pha,and the stationary pha quickly changed to decline pha at 2.5h.The endurance of Bacillus subtilis was so good that the quantity was much even at the high concentration of500mg/L.It was found that pH value,the initial concentration of uranium,adsorption time and co-ions in wastewater affected the removal efficiency and adsorption capacity.The removal efficiency incread with a decrea of initial uranium concentration,and incread with an increa of the adsorption time, temperature and bacteria concentration.The removal efficiency was79.6%and adsorption capacity reached358.18mg/g when the initial concentration of uranium
was150mg/L.The optimum removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were achieved at30min,20ºC and pH value was6.0parately.The removal efficiency was highly to99.2%when bacteria concentration was0.5g/L.Cu2+,Al3+,Fe2+,Fe3+, and anions such as CO32-interfered with adsorption greatly.Meanwhile the removal efficiency was enhanced by21.0%after Bacillus subtilis pretreated by ethanol of 30%.While the impact of immobilization was not obvious.More than99%of biomass-bound uranium was recovered using1mol/L sodium bicarbonate and1mol/L, 0.01mol/Lsodium carbonate.
Better conformity of biosorption data were fitted with the Freundlich model, which suggested non-monolayered uranium binding.The thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process:△H◦,△S◦and△G◦were evaluated at different initial concentrations.The results showed that biosorption of uranium on Bacillus subtilis were endothermic reaction and spontaneous.The correlation coefficient of the cond order kinetic model were far higher then the first order kinetic model,namely0.97. TEM and SEM analys of uranium loaded biomass revealed intracellular U questration and the active biosorption sites.It was confirmed by IR spectroscopy that carboxyl,amino,and acylamino groups played an important role in the biosorption of uranium.
In a word,Bacillus subtilis was ud to remove the uranium ions from wastewater efficiently,and bios
orption is valuable in uranium-containing wastewater treatment field.
巧克力戚风
Lian Hu(Municipal Engineering)
Directed by Shuibo Xie Key Words:Bacillus subtilis;Uranium;Adsorption;Pretreatment;Immobilization.
第1章绪论
近年来,随着原子能事业的发展,铀尾矿库排放大量含铀废水。含铀废水是放射性废物的一种。
放射性废物是指那些含有发射α、β和γ射线的不稳定元素并伴随有热产生的无用材料,又称核废物。在核工业的各个主要生产环节以及放射性同位素的应用中都排放出大量的放射性废水,如铀矿的开采和水冶废水、铀的精制和核燃料制造废水、反应堆运行废水、反应堆燃料的后处理废水、生产以及使用放射性同位素产生的废水等。
放射性废水对环境的污染主要是由其中所含的放射性核素引起的,如果任其排放到环境中,会对生态环境和人类健康造成极其严重的后果。放射性废水中的放射性核素通过外照射和内照射两条途径对人体发生危害[1]。外照射包括废水中的辐射体(主要是β和γ射线)直接对人体的辐照以及人在受放射性废水污染的水体中游泳或划船时受到的辐照。内照射指是指进入人内的辐射源,如具有α射线辐射能的放射性微粒等,在体内对组织和器官施加的辐射。这些放射性核素在水体和土壤中会转移到水生物、种子英语
粮食、蔬菜等食物以及畜、禽中并发生浓集放大作用,人通过食物链会将污染环境的放射性核素摄人体内,超过允许含量时,就会受到损伤和致病,如能导致脱发,皮肤起红斑,白血球、红血球或血小板减少,白血病,白内障,影响生殖机能,癌症等;在大剂量照射下能使人死亡。
1.1概述动车票退票手续费
教师资格报名时间
1.1.1铀元素简介
ⅢⅣ,Ⅴ,Ⅵ四种价态,而Ⅲ,Ⅴ的铀不能稳定存铀元素属变价元素,它存在,
在,水体中铀的存在形态主要是以U(Ⅵ)和U(Ⅳ)两种价态与其它金属化合物或氧化物共存。其中U(Ⅳ)容易与无机碳形成稳定的络合物最终形成沉淀,而U(Ⅵ)则通常以UO22+铀酰离子形式存在,可溶性较好,不容易去除,水体除铀也主要指的是去除U(Ⅵ)及其化合物。另有极少量的UO2(OH)+,(UO)2(OH)22+, (UO2)3(OH)5+对等阳离子参与吸附反应。此外,由于UO2(OH)+,(UO)2(OH)22+
等聚合阳离子的离子半径大于UO22+的离子半径,在与细胞壁的活性部位结合时空间位阻较大,因此吸附反应发生时,UO22+优先被结合到细胞壁上。
Pearson[2]根据金属离子与F-和I-离子结合的强弱来确定金属硬度并且对金属进行了分类。能与F-形成弱化学键的金属离子被称作“软金属”,如Hg2+,Cd2+和Pb2+等,一般都是有毒的重金属。在生物体内,
软金属离子与CN-、S-、SH-、-NH2和咪唑等含氮和硫原子基团成键,一般形成共价键。在此基础上,Nierboer 和Richardson[3]根据原子特性和金属离子溶液化学性质将金属离子分为亲氧类、亲氮和硫类及过渡类三类。从热力学角度来考虑三种金属离子对水溶液中官能团的亲和性,可以得出金属对生物体中常见官能团的选择性。如亲氧类金属离子对以下官能团有较高的选择性:F-、O2-、OH-、HPO42-、H2O、CO32-、SO42-、ROSO3-、N03-、ROH、RCOO-、ROR等。根据这种分类方法,铀元素属于亲氧类,因此对溶液中的这些官能团具有较高的选择性。企业战略规划方案
金碧辉煌造句1.1.2含铀废水的传统处理方法
回到地球放射性废水的处理,从本质而言无非是贮存与扩散两种方式,即用适当的方法处理以后将大部分的放射性转移到小体积的浓缩废物中并加以贮藏,而使大体积废水中剩余的放射性小于最大允许浓度以将其排放于环境中进行稀释和扩散。
在含铀废水的处理方面,国内外进行了许多试验研究与生产实践,传统处理方法有离子交换、混凝沉淀、蒸发浓缩、萃取、反渗透[4]等,各有其优点,但在实际运行过程中存在许多不足之处,其共同缺点就是操作费用和原材料成本相对较高、产生的泥浆量较大、后续处理繁琐,有的还要对二次废物进行再处理(见表1.1)。因此,多年来人们一直致力于研究和寻求更加高效经济的处理含铀废水的方法。
1.2生物吸附低浓度含铀废水的研究进展
1.2.1生物吸附处理低浓度含铀废水
生物吸附(biosorption)主要是指经过一系列生物化学作用使重金属离子和放射性核素被微生物细胞吸附,这些作用包括静电吸附、酶促反应、无机微沉淀和氧化还原等。也包括植物修复。早在1949年,Ruchhoft等人[5]发现,在清除污