Unit1 Cosmic Beginnings宇宙的起源
1．Where and when does the history of the Earth begin? Only in the last few decades could this question be asked with any hope of a scientific answer. 地球的历史上是何时何地开始的?只有在过去的几十年里,这个问题才有了一个比较科学的回答来解释。Certainly one good point at which to start is the time when the materials that were to become the Earth became parated in space from materials that were to become other members of the solar system. 当然存在一个较好的说法是地球的起源时间是当组成地球的物质在宇宙中开始与太空中组成太阳系其它成员的物质分离的时候.Although the story could well commence here, a great many important questions would remain unanswered. 虽然故事很可能开始在这里,许多重要的问题仍悬而未决。 Something needs to be said about the materials that make up the Earth, and this pushes the question of origin to a more remote period. 一些有必要提及的物质构成了地球,这将推动更偏远的起源问题。Earth's partners in space must also be considered. 地球在太空的合作伙伴也必须加以考虑。Now that we know from first-hand obrvations a great deal about physical conditions on other planets we can ek reasonable answers as to why early Earth was different from early Mars and early moon. 现
在我们知道从其他星球上得到的第一手观察的物理条件，这让我们可以尽早寻求合理的答案，为什么地球是不同于早期火星和月球。To understand differences and similarities, we must study the entire solar system including the sun. 为了理解差异和相似之处,我们必须研究包括太阳的整个太阳系。To understand stars of the class to which the sun belongs, we need to know more about other bodies in the Milky Way Galaxy. 为了了解恒星太阳所属的类,我们需要知道更多关于银河系的其他天体。
普通话等级证书查询官网4. The solar system occupies a vast, flattened, lens-shaped region of space, in which the planets and most of the smaller components move in an almost perfect plane around the sun. 初中毕业证模板4．太阳系在太空中是一个巨大的,平坦的，透镜状的区域，行星和大部分的更小的组件沿着一个几乎完整的面绕着太阳转。This structure has naturally been compared to the spiral galaxies and to the planet Saturn with its satellites and puzzling rings. 这个结构好比与螺旋星系和土星和它的卫星或不明飞行体一样。Although the solar system is unlike either of the aggregations in detail, the concept of a large central body with flattened encircling rings or spiral arms remains as the starting point for modern theories of its origin. 虽然太阳系在细节上也不像这些集合体,但是带有平坦的螺旋圈或旋臂仍然是现代起
源理论的起点。
苏州天颐温泉 Depositional Environment沉积环境
1. The characteristic properties of dimentary rocks are generated through the combined action of the various physical, chcmical, and biological process that make up the dimentary cycle. 沉积岩的特征性质是由各种物理、化学和生物过程的共同作用产生的，这些过程组成了沉积旋回。Weathering，erosion, diment transport, deposition, and diagenesis all leave their impress in some way on the final dimentary rock product. 风化、侵蚀、沉积物搬运、沉积和成岩作用以某种方式形成了最后沉积岩产物。 it is the dimentary process and conditions that collectively constitute the depositional environment and play the primary role in determining textures, structures, bedding features, and stratigraphic characteristic of dimentary rocks. 沉积过程和条件,共同构成了沉积环境并在决定纹理、结构、层理特征,地层沉积岩的特征方面扮演主要的角色。This clo genetic relationship between depositional process and rock properties provides a potentially powerful tool for interpreting ancient depositional environments.沉积过程与岩
性之间的继承关系提供了一个工具来为了怎样解释古沉积环境。蒜蓉排骨的做法 If geologists can find a way to relate specific rock properties to particular depositional process and conditions, they can work backward to infer the ancient depositional process and environmental conditions that created the particular rock properties.如果地质学家能找到一种方法将岩石特性与特殊的沉积过程和条件相关联，他们就能够反推造成这些特殊岩石性质的古代沉积过程和环境条件。
4.Study of ancient depositional environments is important becau the insight gained through environmental analysis allows us to reconstruct the paleogeography of previous geologic periods,that is, the relationship of ancient lands and as.古沉积环境的研究是很重要的,因为该方法获得的信息通过环境分析使我们能够重建前地质时期的古地理学身份验证出现问题,也就是说,古老的陆地与海洋的关系。It helps us also to develop a proper understanding of dimentary process in the history of Earth and an improved ability to interpret complex stratigraphic relationships such as lateral and vertical variations in lithology and texture. 它也帮助我们开发一个正确理解地球历史上的沉积过程和一种改进的能力来解释复杂的地层关系如横向和纵向岩性和质地的变化。碧甃沉Furthermore, thorough understanding o
f depositional environments is an esntial factor in evaluating the economic significance of dimentary rocks,their potential rervior rocks and source rocks for petroleum,for example. 此外,彻底了解沉积环境在评估沉积岩的经济意义上是一个重要的因素,做薯片其潜在储层岩石和石油烃源岩,为例。
Unit2 Superposition: A Fundamental Law of Geology
地层叠覆律:地质学的基本定律
1.The chief distinguishing characteristic of dimentary rocks is that they are found in layers or beds. they are, in other words, bedded deposits. 沉积岩的主要特点是它们具有层理，换句话说，它们就是层状沉积物。This is becau the materials of which they are compod have ttled out of air or water so as to be more or less evenly distributed. 这是因为它们的材料解决了由空气或水,或多或少是均匀分布的。The ttling process is not continuous, what goes on is somewhat like the successive snowstorms of winter that produce thick and thin layers of snow. 沉降过程不是连续的,发生的事情有点像冬天的暴风雪连续产生厚和薄层的积雪。Most diments are made up of small particles of preexistin
g rocks that have been picked up,transported, spread out, and deposited by currents of air or water. 大多数沉积物由先前存在的岩石微粒,这些岩石微粒在气流和水流中不断分选、搬运、扩散、沉降下来。Other diments such as salt are precipitated directly from water; 盐等其他沉积物直接从水中沉淀下来;others such as coal or coral reefs consist of organic material buried at the place of growth.
煤或珊瑚礁等由有机材料埋藏所致。
2.Although dimentary beds show a great range in thickness composition,color,internal structure, fossil content, and reaction to erosion, the characteristic of having layers that are (or were) originally level, or nearly so, is universal.国防教育论文虽然沉积岩层在厚度组分、颜色、内部结构、化石含量、对剥蚀的反应均表现较大的变化，但是原本是水平的具有岩层的特点这几乎是普遍存在的。 In the language of geology, a single bed is called a stratum: a group of beds are called strata.the study of strata is called Stratigraphy, and a person who specializes in the subject is a stratigrapher. 在地质语言中，一个单独的层称作岩层，一组层称作地层，而专门研究地层的学问称为地层学，非常精于这门学科的人称为地层学
家。Stratigraphy is a very important branch of geology. 地层学是地质学的一个非常重要的分支。it concerns the recognition and interpretation of stratified rocks, the conditions of their formation, their characteristics, arrangements, quence, age, distribution, and correlation,or matching, by the u of fossils and other means. 它包括层状岩石的识别和解释、其形成的条件,他们的特点、排列、顺序、时代、相关性,或匹配性,可通过使用化石和其他手段来进行研究。
