猜测词义方法
一般可利用以下三个方面的线索:
一、针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、危险化学品安全管理制度难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体,所使用的语言通俗易懂,利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1.根据定义(definition)猜测词义
如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义,那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。
定义常用的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, reprent, refer to, signify 等。
例如:(05 湖北卷腌菜花A篇)Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims(声称)as its own.
由定义可推知,这里territory指的是:“动物的地盘”。
(04 浙江卷B篇)Green building means “reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land”.
由定义我们可以推断这里 Green building 指的是什么。
2.根据复述推测词义
虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是它提供的信息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供依据,至少读者可以根据复述猜测生词的大致“义域”(意义范围)。复述部分可以是词、短语、或从句。
同位语复述:在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接,有使也使用破折号,冒号,分号,引号和括号等。同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say.等。
例如:(05浙江卷福尔摩斯英文名B篇)In fact, only about 80 火灾知识ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.
由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域:一种濒临灭绝野猫。
定语从句复述:
例如:(04 福建卷E篇)Here is The Pines ,who cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .
According the passage ,The Pines is a .
A.place in which you can e many mobile homes
B.mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C.掀怎么组词town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D.restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
通过who引导的定语从句,我们可以推测到:The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字,由此不难推出理解题的答案为:D。
采购管理培训
3.根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
例如:(04 辽宁卷C篇)The cour gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子,我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。
二、内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1.根据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述,我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有:unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。 表示对比关系的句子结构:while 引导的并列句。
例如:(NMET 2002 E篇)A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?
A.a party designed by specialists
B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D.a demand made by guests
根据对比关系,这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义,很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
2.根据比较关系猜测词义
同对比关系相反,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有:similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例如:Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系,其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。
3.根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中,若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。
例如:(05上海卷B篇)I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”
The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is clost in meaning to “ ” .
A.full of respect B.too confident and rude
C.lacking in experience D西江明珠网.too shy and quiet
根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容(“既然你是我的上司”),我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是:“冒失的,放肆的”意思,后半句的意思是:我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为:B。
(05江西卷D篇)Pruning is important becau it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.
根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以判断Pruning的意思是:“修剪(树枝等)”的意思。
4.根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境所表面的关系推断生词词义。
例如:(05 江苏卷E篇)William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(纱线),good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .
A.simple B.mixed C.sad D.happy
句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了 a mingled yarn的意义,据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是:“混合的,交织的”。
(04 湖北卷C篇)Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the rearchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.
根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系,我们很容易推断出:Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。
三、通过构词法
在猜测词义过程中,我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识,从生词本身猜测词义。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例如:(05江西卷E篇)Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-x schools?
根据词根educational (教育的),结合前缀co-(共同,一起),我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是:“男女同校教育的”意思。
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例如:(05 广东卷E篇)It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point.
怎么清洗打印机喷头后缀 -i/ize意思是“使成为…;使…化”,结合词根commercial(商业的),不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是:“未被商业化的”。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义