who on earth are we 2

更新时间:2023-07-16 14:38:12 阅读: 评论:0

BBC Learning English
Talk about English
Who on Earth are we?
Part 2
Callum:
Hello and welcome to Talk about English. Today we have the cond in our
ries on culture, Who on Earth are we? In this programme prenter Marc
Beeby tries to answer the difficult question: what is culture? Here’s Mark.
Marc:
‘Culture’ is a difficult word to define, but that’s what we’ll be attempting to do
today – trying to answer the question: what is culture? More importantly,
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perhaps, we’ll also be thinking about why culture is so difficult to talk about.
But let’s start with a definition. Here’s Rebecca Fong who teaches a cour in
intercultural communication at the University of the West of England.
Rebecca Fong
When you think about it , culture is really a very difficult thing to define and if you ask
yourlf the question ' What is culture?' and you try to come up with a definition I think you'll
find that all of us will come up with a slightly different type of definition. One very broad 朱彦夫
definition suggests that culture consists of ideals, values and assumptions about life that are
widely shared among people and that guide specific behaviours. So we're talking here about
shared assumptions or patterns of behaviour within specific societies.
Eilidh Hamilton
En-shala is a very popular phra in the Middle East it means 'if it is the will of God' literally.
Now it doesn't necessarily have such overt religious connotations as we might expect. But
what it does reflect is a certain fatalism amongst many people. They feel that life is, to an
extent, controlled by external factors. So the concept of the Westerner as someone who is
constantly striving to improve themlves and their situation is an anathema to people there
who don't feel that there's very much in a practical way they can do to change that.
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Page 1 of 6
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Marc:
Eilidh Hamilton with an example of a view of life shared by people in one
particular part of the world. But perhaps this idea that culture can be defined by
the ideals, values and assumptions that a group of people share is too general.
What about art, food, language, x? Here’s Rajni Baldani from India, Dionne
Charmaine from Jamaica and Kyung-ja Yoo from Japan helping Rebecca Fong
with a more detailed way of thinking about culture.
Rebecca Fong
Quite a practical way of looking at culture is to divide it into three groups : products, 国债逆回购代码
behaviours and ideas and in the first group - products -we think about all tho things that a
culture produces -its architecture and its food, its music and folklore and literature - tho are
the visible products of a culture.
Rajni Baldani
I would describe my culture, the Indian culture as being extremely vibrant, and diver,
complex, in every aspect - art, literature, folk, the oral tradition. We are really very
rich in all
aspects.
Rebecca Fong
In the cond group we'd find behaviours - that's either verbal behaviours -language - or nonverbal
behaviours such as gesture and communication. Also habits, routines, social etiquette,
all of the things would come under the heading of behaviour.
Dionne Charmaine
Silence in Jamaica is a good thing -it's very much a sign of respect and if you're basically
being spoken to -especially by someone that's older than you and so on and you rai your
voice then that's being disrespectful
Rebecca Fong
And then in the third group we'd find ideas or our world view and all the things that go to
make up our world view. So in this group we'd be thinking about things like our attitudes and
our beliefs and the way that we organi such things as our societies - are they class bad
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Who on Earth are we? Page 2 of 6
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societies, what are the relationships and roles within our societies - between men and women
for example.
Kyung-ja Yoo
In Japan, what's suppod to happen is women should follow the man and then you are
suppod to walk behind him, three steps behind.
Marc:
As we’ve just heard, cultures change. Even so, we could get a good idea of
what a culture is like by looking at the things that people produce, the way they
behave, and the way they e the world. But perhaps a better definition of what
a culture is was first devid more than forty years ago by the North American
anthropologist Edward T Hall.
Rebecca Fong
One of the most famous definitions comes from Edward T Hall who was one of the founding
fathers of the field of intercultural communication if you like and Hall's definition suggests
that culture is the sum total of the way of life of a people. That's a nice definition becau it
includes all of the things that we've been talking about and probably all of the ideas that you
or I could come up would be contained under that umbrella definition. Culture is the sum total
of the way of life of a people.
Marc:
Hall’s definition captures a complex problem very neatly. But he went further.
He also gave a very good reason for why we find it so difficult to say what
culture is. It’s becau the culture we grow up in ems so normal that we don’t
even notice it’s there. Here’s Rebecca again, with comments from Mahmood
Jamal from Pakistan and Kjung-ja Yoo from Japan.
Rebecca Fong
Hall adds that strangely enough what it hides, what culture hides, it hides most effectively
from its own participants - and by that what he means is that we grow up inside a culture,
we're born into a culture, the culture is there already and so the rules of the culture that we're
born into are invisible to us, we can't e them - we can't e the norms, we can't e the
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Who on Earth are we? Page 3 of
6
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assumptions, we can't e the behaviour patterns -all of the patterns within our society are
invisible to us. In fact our behaviour is controlled by culture so we're not free really - we're
actually acting in a way that is patterned and we acquire all the rules of the culture almost
without knowing it.
Mahmood Jamal
One of the interesting discoveries I made in England was I ud to speak very loudly and my
colleague, who was a man from India, he told me 'Why are you shouting?' And I didn't mean
to shout I was just naturally, I ud to speak loudly and I noticed that people whispered and
talked very softly. So I ud to have arguments with this guy and say 'look I'm just talking like
I naturally talk' and he would say 'look this is not accepted here, you must tone down, you
must cut down.’ And so I found this very peculiar.
Rebecca Fong
Even in a culture that emed quite similar - let's say from a country that was very near yours
or just across the water or a country that you expected to be quite similar to your own, you
might find that there are some quite different patterns operating within that society that made
the culture quite different underneath.
Kyung-ja Yoo
We are not suppod to touch the people - even parents and children. It's embarrassing,
touching somebody. When I went to Korea first time I was taken back. They touch the people
a lot -I mean as long as they regard you as a friend or one of the family suddenly they hug
you, they touch you they hold your hand . Even walking down the street my cousin hold my
彼岸花图hand, hugs me and I was taken aback and got so, so embarrasd. You can't do that in Japan,
people think you're odd. And in Japan being thought you are odd - odd one -is a very wrong
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Rebecca Fong
You acquire your own culture through growing up in it almost as you acquire your first
language when you're a child -through experience and through doing it, through using it - but
世界上最贵的婚纱if you think about learning a cond language in school you actually have to think about the
rules and think consciously about how to manipulate the different aspects of the language, the
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Who on Earth are we? Page 4 of 6
<
vocabulary and the grammar and so on before you can u it -so it's quite a different process.
And in just the same way, learning another culture would be like having to learn the cond
language in school, it would be conscious you'd have to think about the rules, you'd have to
ask yourlf questions about the attitudes and the beliefs. Now all of this might em quite
complex and in a way unnecessary and removed from real life but to think of the things
theoretically can actually give us a framework through which to consider our own experience.
Marc:
Rebecca Fong. The culture we grow up in is invisible to us. We don’t look at it 
becau it’s ‘normal’ - this is the way life is. But as we heard in our last
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programme, learning about another culture is an effective way of beginning to
e our own. As Rebecca points out, however, learning about another culture is
as complicated as learning another language. We need to learn the rules. Just as
language has its building blocks, its grammar - nouns, verbs, and so on - we
need to find the building blocks of culture -things that we can look at and
compare across cultures. And that’s what we’ll be doing in this ries over the
coming weeks, beginning, in our next programme, with the relationship
between culture and language itlf.
Before we finish today, though, a word of warning. Studying culture, learning
the grammar, is not a simple process. Culture is not one big ‘monolithic’ thing,
where people are all the same, all ‘homogenous’. People get in the way. And
that, of cour, is one of the great reasons why culture is so difficult to define.
I’ll leave with a final word from Rebecca Fong and Mahmood Jamal. Join us
next time.
Rebecca Fong
Although there are the different activities that you can look at culture is not a simple
objective thing like that -it's much messier in terms of the fact that individuals respond to all
of the things quite differently from the generalisations that we can make about the group. So
there's a kind of matrix if you like of activities on the one hand but individual, emotional,
personal, human factors, intelligence and things like that , that mesh with how we deal with
the activities.
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Who on Earth are we? Page 5 of 6
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Mahmood Jamal
Just like probably English people saw people from Pakistan or Bangladesh or India as being
one homogenous group, I also ud to e English people as one homogenous group. So that
was the first breakdown of my stereotype of English people -that English people are a variety
of people from a variety of class, a variety of backgrounds a variety of regions.
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Who on Earth are we? Page 6 of 6
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