必修三 Unit 4 Astronomy: the Science Of The Stars天文学：恒星的科学
I．Vocabulary
astronomy n.天文学 astronomer n.天文学家 solar system 太阳系 religion n.宗教；宗教信仰 theory n.学说；理论 Big Bang宇宙大爆炸；创世大爆炸 atom n.原子 globe n.球体；地球仪；地球 violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的 carbon n.碳 nitrogen n.氮 vapour n.蒸汽；水蒸气 atmosphere n.大气层；气氛 fundamental adj.基本的；基础的 dissolve vt. & vi.溶解；解散 筹划的意思harmful adj.有害的 get the hang of熟悉；掌握；理解 break out突发；爆发 | acid n.酸 reaction n.反应；回应 multiply vi. & vt.乘；增加 oxygen n.氧 shellfish n.水生有壳动物 amphibian n.两栖动物 reptile n.爬行动物；爬虫 lay eggs 下蛋 dinosaur n.恐龙 exist vi.我和我的宠物存在；生存 mammal n.哺乳动物 give birth to产生；分娩 in one’s turn轮到某人；接着 carbon dioxide二氧化碳 prevent…from…阻止；制止 puzzle n.迷；难题 vt. & vi. exhaust vt.用尽；耗尽；使精疲力竭 cabin n.小屋；船舱 | biologist n.生物学家 biology n.生物学 gravity n.万有引力；重力 satellite n.卫星；人造卫星 gentle adj.温和的；文雅的 geologist n.地质学家 physicists n.物理学家 block out 挡住（光线） extinct adj.灭绝的；绝种的 climate n.气候 comet n.彗星 crash vi. & vt.碰撞；坠落 lesn vi. & vt.减少；减轻 cheer up 感到高兴；感到兴奋 weightlessly adv.失重地 mass n.质量；团；块；大量 now that 既然 watch out密切注意；当心；提防英语 |
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II．Reading HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH 地球上的生命是怎样开始的
No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. 由于地球的产生是那么的久远，所以没有人确切知道地球是怎样产生的。【注释：as it happened 碰巧 eg. They were all out, as it happened.真巧, 他们全出去了。】 However, according to a widely accepted theory, the univer began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions.然而，根据一个广泛接受的理论，宇宙开始于一次“创世大爆炸”，该爆炸将物质抛向各个方向。【注释：in all directions四面八方；各个方向 eg. The birds flew away in all directions when he fired a salute with a“bang”.当他“砰”的一声鸣礼炮时，鸟飞向各个方向。】 After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.之后，原子开始形成，并结合形成恒星和其他物体。
For veral billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust.就在“宇宙大爆炸”之后的几十亿年间，地球依然是一团尘埃。 What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust ttled into a solid globe.这一团尘埃会变成什么还不能确定，直到45亿至38亿年前，这团尘埃才形成一个固定的球体。【注释：ttle into有头绪, 上正轨 eg. Things soon ttled into shape.事情很快有了头绪。】 The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.地球变得如此剧烈，以致于它能否持续下来还不清楚。【注释： so… that…如此…以致于…：eg. The words tumbled out so fast that I could barely hear them.话说得那么快，我几乎都听不清。 it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是whether the shape would last or not.】 It exploded loudly with fire and rock. “大爆炸”发生时伴有(艳丽的)火焰和岩石。【注释：explode vt. & vi.使爆炸；爆发 explode with anger勃然大怒；explode with laughter哄然大笑；explode into laughter突然大笑起来；主题教育活动explode into pieces炸得粉碎。 如：Many people were injured when the boiler exploded.锅炉爆炸时，许多人受了伤。】 They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gas, which were to make the eart
h’s atmosphere.他们最终形成了碳、氮、水蒸气和其它气体，而这些就构成了地球的大气。【注释：in time (1)迟早, 最后 eg. In time you'll forget him.你迟早会忘了他的。 (2)及时, 不迟 eg. He is believed to arrive in time.相信他会及时到达。 against time争分夺秒地，尽快地 eg. he was working against time.他正争分夺秒地工作。 ahead of time提前，提早 eg. We completed the work five days ahead of time.我们提前五天完成工作。 all the time一直，始终 eg. I have been busy all the time.我一直很忙。 at no time绝不，在任何情况下都不 eg. At no time will we give up.我们绝不屈服。 in no time立刻，马上 eg. I'll be back in no time.我马上就回来。 at one time曾经； at a time一次； at the same time同时，然而，可是；from time to time有时，偶尔
考题： 1. ______， I lost heart in English learning，but my teacher often said to me，“Keep on studying hard, and you’ll succeed _______.”
A．At a time；in time B．At a time；on time C．At one time；in time D．At one time哈利波特书评；on time
2. —Does he often ask you for help? —Oh，no，only________.
A．all the time B．at one time C．at a time D．at times
电子小报怎么做
3．—I am afraid I can’t return the book to you before Friday. —________.
A．Don’t be afraid B．Be careful C．Not at all D．Take your time 】
What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.更为重要的是：当地球冷却下来后，水开始在地球表面出现了。【注释： what is even more important是由what引导的名词从句作主语；that…on its surface是由that引导的名词从句作表语，系表语从句，在这个表语从句中又含有由as引导的时间状语从句。what is more 而且, 此外; 更有甚者 eg. They are going to get married, and what's more they are tting up in business together.他们就要结婚了, 而且还要一起做生意呢。】
Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but unlike the earth, it had disappeared later.水在其它行星上如火星也出现过，不过，不像地球上，它消失了。 It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.（但），这并没有立刻就表明：水是生命发展的必要部分。【注释： fundamental adj.基本的; 重要的, 必要的 eg. Fresh air is fundamental to good health.新鲜空气对健康是不可缺少的。It was not immediately obvious that…句中的“it”是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语从句。 】 What many scientists believe is that the continued prence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gas and acids into the oceans and as.许多科学家认为水的持续存在让地球将有害的气体和酸溶解到海洋中去。【员工关系注释： What many scientists believe是由what引导的主语从句，作整个句子的主语。 dissolve vt. & vi.(使)溶解 eg. The sun dissolves snow.太阳使雪融化。harmful adj. 有害的；伤害的 be harmful to…对…有害处 eg. Smoking is harmful to your health.吸烟有害健康。 do sb. harm/ do harm to sb.对某人有害； do more harm than good弊大于利； There is no harm in (sb’s) doing sth.(= It does no harm (for sb.) to do sth.)做某事无害处； come to harm身体上、精神上或道义上受到损害；do sb. good/ do good to sb.对某人
有好处。如： 1) The court ca will do rious harm to my business.这起诉讼案件将严重损害我的生意。 2) My brother's ship was caught in a storm but he came to no harm.我兄弟的船遇上了暴风雨, 但他没出事。 3) You should do good to others.你应该对人行善。目标的英文 4) If we interfere, it may do more harm than good.如果我们干预的话, 可能弊多利少。】 This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.这产生了一系列的反应，这种反应使得生命的产生成为可能。【注释：made it possible for life to develop中的 “it”是形式宾语，真正的宾语为for life to develop.】
Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water.数百万年之后，在水的表面上开始出现最初的极其微小的植物。【注释：extremely adv.极端;极其;非常 eg. 1) That is extremely interesting.那极为有趣。 2) Outwardly she looked confident but in reality she felt extremely nervous.表面上她显得很自信,其实她非常紧张。】 They multiplied and filled the oceans and as with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.他们开始繁殖，并使得海洋充满了氧气，而这又激励了早期的贝壳类动物和所有鱼类的发展。【注释： multiply (1)乘, (使)相乘 eg. 1) His son is learning to multiply and divide.他儿子正在学习乘法和除法。 2) One can make 18 by multiplying 3 and 6 (together).以3和6相乘可得18。 (2) (使)增加 eg. 1) Spending on military equipment has multiplied in the last five years.过去的五年中军事装备的开支大大增加。 2) His experience was multiplied as the years pasd.随着岁月的流逝, 他的经验丰富了。(3) (使)繁殖 eg. 1) When animals have more food, they generally multiply faster.动物在有较多的食物时, 一般繁殖得较快。 2) Hot weather multiplied the bacteria in milk rapidly.炎热的天气使牛奶中的细菌迅速繁殖。 fill … with sth.用…装满 eg. I filled up the bottle with water.我把瓶子装满了水。 】 Nex
t, green plants began to grow on land.随后，绿色植物开始在陆地上出现。 They were followed in time by land animals.最后，陆地动物跟着出现。 Some were incts.有些是昆虫。 Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the water.其它的，被称为两栖类的，既能够生活中水中，也能生活在陆地。【注释：as well as conj.还，而且 eg. she is a talented musician as well as being a photographer. 她不但是个摄影师而且还是个天才的音乐家. 】 Later when the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time.后来，当植物长成森林后，爬行类动物开始第一次出现。【注释：for the first time第一次，在句子作状语；the first time常用于引导(状语)从句：(1) It’s the first time sb. have done sth. (2) Sb. was doing sth. the first time I came here.】 They produced young generally by laying eggs.一般情况下，他们通过下蛋产幼仔。 After that , some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed.而后，一些大型动物——恐龙，产生了。 They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.恐龙也下蛋，在地球上存在了1亿4千多万年。 However, 65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended.可是，在6千5百万年前，恐龙世纪结束。 Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.恐龙为什么突然消失依然还是个迷。 【注释：sth.
remain to be done某事有待于解决】This disappearance made it possible the ri of mammals on the earth.恐龙的消失使得哺乳动物在地球上的兴起成为可能。 The animals were different from all life forms in the past, becau they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.这种动物不同于过去所有的生命形式，因为他们生产幼子，并且产奶来喂养幼子。【注释：give birth to…生; 引起, 产生 eg. 1) She gave birth to a fine healthy baby.她生了一个健康可爱的婴儿。 2） The scientist's experiments gave birth to a new drug.那位科学家的实验产生了一种新药。】
