TPO4托福阅读Passage2原文+题目+答案解析
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TPO4托福阅读Passage2原文+题目+答案解析
TPO4托福阅读Passage2原文文本
Cave Art in Europe
The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of tho slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than t
老年歌曲hat. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.
荔枝简笔画The rearchers Peter Ucko and Andree Ronfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, who difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.
全国211大学The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cau death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that the people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.
怒放的生命伴奏But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increa the supply of animals. Cave art ems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.
The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by rearchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they prent suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and hors are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably becau they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most becau of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and hors are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus,
the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also ems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (becau they were becoming extinct), the art cead to focus on portrayals of animals.
作文我懂得了感恩Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have ud a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phas of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines reprenting the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that the figurines were an ideal type or an expr
ession of a desire for fertility.
TPO4托福阅读Passage2题目
Question 1 of 14
The word “marked ” in the passage is clost in meaning to
两杠
A. considerable
B. surprising
C. limited
D. adequate
Question 2 of 14
Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about painting in Europe?
A. It is much older than painting in Australia.
B. It is as much as 28,000 years old.
C. It is not as old as painting in southern Africa.
D. It is much more than 30,000 years old.
Question 3 of 14
The word “principal ” in the passage is clost in meaning to
A. major
B. likely
读后感四百字
C. well protected
定制公交什么意思D. distinct
Question 4 of 14
According to paragraph 2, what makes some rearchers think that certain cave paintings were connected with magical-religious activities?
A. The paintings were located where many people could easily e them, allowing groups of people to participate in the magical-religious activities.
