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海上保险法
主讲人李文湘
##海事大学法律系
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第一部分海上保险与海上货运的关系
● 1.有关海上货运的法律实际上就是关于货物运输中风险划分的法律
● 2.海商被称为海上冒险活动，英文是Marine Adventure
● 3.货主需要将货物的风险转移给保险人
● 4.船东需要将船舶面临的风险转移给保险人
● 5.海上保险与海上贸易、运输的关系密切，要学好海上保险法，需了解国际贸易法、海上
货运法、海事法等.〔德国保险人代为追偿案例：德国卖方出售一套成套机器设备给中国买方，约定所有权归卖方所有直到在买方的厂房安装调试完毕验收合格.承运人运到后，卖方提货发现货损，退货.卖方向保险人索赔，保险人赔偿之后，向承运人索赔，遭
拒.〕
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第二部分海上保险原理
●第一章海上保险合同的概念与特征
●一、概念
●海商法216条：海上保险合同，是指保险人按照约定，对被保险人遭受保险事故造成保
险标的的损失和产生的责任负责赔偿，而由被保险人支付保险费的合同.前款所称保险事故，是指保险人与被保险人约定的任何海上事故，包括与海上航行有关的发生于内河或者陆上的事故.
●MIA1906第一条：MARINE INSURANCE DEFINED
● A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes
to indemnify the assured, in manner and to the extent thereby
顿失滔滔agreed, against marine loss, that is to say, the loss
incident to marine adventure.
●分析216条：第一，没有"海上〞特色
●第二，何谓"保险事故〞？海商法216条第2款规定：前款所称保险事故，是指保险人与
被保险人约定的任何海上事故，包括与海上航行有关的发生于内河或者陆上的事故.
保险法第17条规定：保险事故是指保险合同约定的保险责任X围内的事故.06法第3条规定："Maritime perils" means the perils conquent on, or incidental to, the navigation of the a, that is to say, perils of the as, fire, war, perils, pirates, rovers, thieves, captures, izures, restraints, and detainment's of princes and peoples, jettisons, barratry, and any other perils, either of the like kind or which may be designated by the policy.
●第三,"保险标的的损失和产生的责任〞重复
●新定义：海上保险合同，是指保险人和被保险人约定，由被保险人支付保险费，而由保险
人对被保险人在保险期间内从事海上风险活动的过程中因为承保风险造成的具有保险利益的保险标的的损失给与赔偿的协议.
●二、特征：限制性赔偿合同
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●第二章海上保险合同的订立、内容、解除与转让
● 1.订立——海商法221条：被保险人提出保险要求，经保险人同意承保，并就海上保险
合同的条款达成协议后，合同成立.保险人应当与时向被保险人签发保险单或者其他保险单证，并在保险单或者其他保险单证中载明当事人双方约定的合同内容.
●
驴怎么拼音2.内容——海商法217条：海上保险合同的内容，主要包括下列各项：〔一〕保险人名
称；〔二〕被保险人名称；〔三〕保险标的；〔四〕保险价值；〔五〕保险金额；〔六〕保险责任和
除外责任；〔七〕保险期间；〔八〕保险费.
●保险标的——海商法218条：下列各项可以作为保险标的：〔一〕船舶；〔二〕货物；〔三〕
船舶营运收入，包括运费、租金、旅客票款；〔四〕货物预期利润；〔五〕船员工资和其他报酬；〔六〕对第三人的责任；〔七〕由于发生保险事故可能受到损失的其他财产和产生的责任、费用.
保险人可以将对前款保险标的的保险进行再保险.除合同另有约定外，原被保险人不得享有再保险的利益.
●保险价值——海商法219条：保险标的的保险价值由保险人与被保险人约定.
保险人与被保险人未约定保险价值的，保险价值依照下列规定计算：
〔一〕船舶的保险价值，是保险责任开始时船舶的价值，包括船壳、机器、设备的价值，以与船上燃料、物料、索具、给养、淡水的价值和保险费的总和；
〔二〕货物的保险价值，是保险责任开始时货物在起运地的发票价格或者非贸易商品在起运地的实际价值以与运费和保险费的总和；
〔三〕运费的保险价值，是保险责任开始时承运人应收运费总额和保险费的总和；
〔四〕其他保险标的的保险价值，是保险责任开始时保险标的的实际价值和保险费的总和.
保险金额——海商法220条：保险金额由保险人与被保险人约定.保险金额不得超过保险价值；超过保险价值的，超过部分无效.
● 3.保险单：06法第22,25,27,28,29条
● 4.解除与转让：海商法226条——233条
● 5. 海上保险合同的主体与客体
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第三章可保利益
● 1.定义：保险法第12条——保险利益是指投保人对保险标的具有的法律上承认的利益.
06法第4——15条 ，其中第5条为定义.
● 2.保险利益的立法目的与作用：1746年以前不要求；目的是防止赌博.
● 3.一组国外案例
●1〕Anderson v. Morice<1876>仰光大米到伦敦.买卖合同约定，货物的所有权直至全部
货物装船后移转至买方.大米装3/4时灭失，法院判无保险利益.
●2〕Colonial Insurance Company v. Adelaide<1886>买卖小麦合同约定，小3麦装上
船后风险与转归买方.法院判有保险利益.
●3〕船舶案：从挪威买船，买方投保，但约定船舶的所有权到达伦敦是转移.船舶途中搁
浅受损.法院判买方无可保利益.
●4〕加拿大造船案，买方投保，建造中失火，灭失.法院判给衡平法可保利益.
●5〕英国木材案；加拿大木材案
●6〕英国最新案例Moonacre<1992>受托人为游艇投保
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可保利益〔续〕
● 4.中国案例
●1〕未办理进口许可证的货物途中灭失
●2〕未支付货款的买方向保险人索赔
五彩虾仁●3〕未取得营业执照的船舶投保
● 5.具有可保利益的时间
●最早的Sadlers co. v. Badcock<1743>要求自始至终要有保险利益.06法第6条规定
损失发生时要有保险利益
● 6.保险利益的转让：06法第15条，第50条、51条
●案例：A为亚麻籽投保，尚在孩上时出售，但保留了保险单.部分货物在过驳时损坏.A把
保险单转给B，法院判B 无保险利益.
●7.最新立法发展：澳大利亚海上保险法立法更高的起因案例：货物在码头未装上船，但
买方已经支付了货款.
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第四章最大诚信原则
●一、如实告知义务
再骗我一次● 1.告知：海商法第222条；英国MIA18条
●1〕告知的相互性〔英国MIA17条〕：保险人的告知义务：曼斯菲尔德的说法；中国的
案例〔保险人将远洋船签发内河船案〕
●2〕告知的时间
●3〕告知的内容：重要情况：a.知道或应当知道；b.影响保险人确定保险费率或是否同
意承保.
●4〕违反告知义务的后果：宣告合同无效〔英国MIA18条1款〕
●5〕无需告知的情况〔海商法第222条；英国MIA18条3款〕
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如实告知义务〔续〕
● 2.陈述：英国MIA20条
●1〕陈述的概念
●2〕陈述的内容：a.事实；b.期望或信赖之事〔英国MIA20条3款〕
●3〕对陈述的要求：a.事实——基本真实即可〔案例〕；〔英国MIA20条4款〕 b.期望
或信赖之事——依据诚信作出即可〔案例〕〔英国MIA20条5款〕
●4〕陈述的时间
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●二、保证：海商法235条〔MIA33—41条〕
●1〕保证的定义〔33条1款〕
●2〕保证的特征：a. 严格〔33条3款〕〔有别于陈述的地方〕；b.一旦违反，永远违反〔34
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条2款〕.
●3〕违反保证的后果〔一旦违反，保险人可解除责任.33条3款〕
●4〕可以免除保证的事项：a.情势变更；b. 法律变化；c.保险人弃权.
●5〕实务中对严格保证义务的放宽〔英船舶条款3条——船到波斯湾案例〕
●6〕保证的种类：
●a: 明示保证〔中立；船籍；部分不投保；货物〕
●b: 默示保证：适航〔39条——航次保险的适航；定期保险的适航〔案例〕；40条〕；合
法〔41条〕
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第五章保险责任
●一、承保风险与除外风险
天堂的午餐● 1.风险的定义："Maritime perils" means the perils conquent on, or incidental
to, the navigation of the a, that is to say, perils of the a, fire, war perils, pirates, rovers, thieves, captures, izures, restraints, and detainments of princes and peoples, jettisons, barratry, and any other perils, either of the like kind or which may be designated by the policy.
● 2.具体的承保风险
●1〕 perils of the a：MIA解释规则7条：海上危险是指"在海上偶然的意外事故或
责难，但不包括风浪的通常作用.〞——搁浅；触礁；沉没；失踪；失事；恶劣气候；海水损害；碰撞等.
●2〕火灾
●3〕爆炸
●4〕偷窃〔人保一切险是否包括：无单放货、船东盗卖货物.世纪盗案〕
●5〕海盗
●6〕政府的扣押
●7〕船长船员背叛船东的行为
●8〕其他约定的风险
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● 3.除外风险
●1〕法定的除外风险MIA55条2款；海商法242；243；244条
●〔1〕被保险人的故意行为
●〔2〕迟延
●〔3〕正常磨损墙的故事
●〔4〕正常渗漏或破损
●〔5〕保险标的的固有瑕疵
●〔6〕虫咬、鼠害
●2〕约定的除外风险——ICC条款4.1,4.6,4.7条
● 4. In no ca shall this insurance cover
● 4.1 loss damage or expen attributable to willful misconduct of the Assured ● 4.6 loss damage or expen arising from insolvency or financial default of the
owners managers charterers or operators of the vesl〔找好的船东〕
● 4.7deliberate damage to or deliberate destruction of the subject-matter insured
or any part thereto by the wrongful act of any person or persons〔找好的货主〕
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●二、承保损失
●〔一〕全损
● 1.实际全损
●1〕定义：海商法245条,MIA56条,57条
●2〕构成实际全损的五种情况
● a.保险标的全部灭失；b.保险标的严重损坏，已经不是原物；c.被保险人被剥夺了所有
权，无法收回标的物；d.失踪〔海商法248条；MIA58条〕e.可分部分的全损
● 2.推定全损
●1〕定义：海商法246条,MIA60条1款2款
●60. CONSTRUCTIVE TOTAL LOSS DEFINED
●Subject to any express provision in the policy, there is a constructive total
loss where the subject-matter insured is reasonably abandoned on account of its actual total loss ap
pearing to be unavoidable, or becau it could not be prerved from actual total loss without an expenditure which would exceed its value when the expenditure had been incurred.
●In particular, there is a constructive total loss—
●Where the assured is deprived of the posssion of his ship or goods by
a peril insured against, and <a> it is unlikely that he can recover the
ship or goods, as the ca may be, or <b> the cost of recovering the ship
or goods, as the ca may be, would exceed their value when recovered; or
●In the ca of damage to a ship, where she is so damaged by a peril insured
against that the cost of repairing the damage would exceed the value of
the ship when repaired.
In estimating the cost of repairs, no deduction is to be made in respect
of general average contributions to tho repairs payable by other
interests, but account is to be taken of the expen of future salvage
operations and of any future general average contributions to which the
ship would be liable if repaired; or
●In the ca of damage to goods, where the cost of repairing the damage and
forwarding the goods to their destination would exceed their value on
arrival.
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● 2.推定全损
●1〕定义：海商法246条,MIA60条1款2款
●60. CONSTRUCTIVE TOTAL LOSS DEFINED
●Subject to any express provision in the policy, there is a constructive total
loss where the subject-matter insured is reasonably abandoned on account of its actual total loss appearing to be unavoidable, or becau it could not be prerved from actual total loss without an expenditure which would exceed its value when the expenditure had been incurred.
●In particular, there is a constructive total loss—
●Where the assured is deprived of the posssion of his ship or goods by
a peril insured against, and <a> it is unlikely that he can recover the
ship or goods, as the ca may be, or <b> the cost of recovering the ship
or goods, as the ca may be, would exceed their value when recovered; or
●In the ca of damage to a ship, where she is so damaged by a peril insured
against that the cost of repairing the damage would exceed the value of
the ship when repaired.
In estimating the cost of repairs, no deduction is to be made in respect
of general average contributions to tho repairs payable by other
interests, but account is to be taken of the expen of future salvage
operations and of any future general average contributions to which the
