第1章 句子的构成
最后,来翻译英文观止里面的句子。
弄完了以后,打印出来,装订好。
语法的目标:看懂句子,分析句子的结构,这是学习语法的终极目标。
修饰的时候不一定是连接在一起的, 要分清格局, 用大块结构的形式来分析.
动词块, 不定式块….
1.句子由主语(subject)+谓语(verb)构成;
2.主语省略时,构成祈使句。
Work hard!
Be quite!
Don’t be silly.
1.1 可充当主语的词类
1.名词
2.代词
3.动名词,不定式短语
Seeing him makes me angry.
其实应该是动名词短语做主语或不定式短语作主语
To e him makes me angry.
但是,这种动名词或不定式短语做主语时,一般用形式主语。
It makes me angry eing him.这里不是修饰angry。
It makes me angry to e him. 分析句子时,先看一看是不是形式主语。
4.名词从句做主语
That he doesn’t work hard makes me angry.
三种形式:that从句,whether从句,疑问从句(when what how where why)
Where 贾玲个人资料简介he lives is still a doubt.
一、名词从句:
名词从句作动词宾语
I know that he will go abroad in the nearest future(名词从句作动词宾语)
I don’t know how he’ll handle it.
名词从句作介词的宾语
I am worried about whether he can do it
I am sure of how he’ll cope with the problem
I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.
I am worried about the fact that he can do it.
这里因为酸雨危害介词+ that从句,所以,需要在介词后加the fact ,that 从句变为the fact的同位语,都是介词的宾语。
I am worried about his playing around all day.
I am worried about his not studying.
这里,介词后边的还是宾语,其实是由that 引导的。但是介词加that从句,需要变换,所以变成这样了。
原句是:that he plays around all day.->his playing around all day.
that he not study.-> his not studying.
变化的过程中,去掉that,助动词,变所有格,动词变成动名词。
that he doesn’t study-> his not studying.
That the team will win the game→the team’s winning the game.
be + adj. + that 从句
I am worried that he plays around all day.(状语从句,修饰形容词)
I am sure that the team has won the game(状语从句).
有时,介词后也可以直接加that从句。
是固定的。
In that = becau
Except that
He is great in that he can speak five different languages.
二、名词短语做主语
名词短语:疑问词+不定式短语
Where to live
Whether to try again.
When to talk to hime
三、表距离的地点副词短语做主语
From ...to …
It is about 160 kilometers from Beijing to Xiamen.
1.2 动词的种类及其用法
完全(complete) 及物(intransitive) 两种修饰,出来4个形态,还有一个是授予动词(Dative),所以总共有5种动词。
A transitive verb has a direct object. (动词) 及物的; 传递;及物动词
1. 完全不及物动词
判断方法:把动词放入中间。
我。。。他
他被我。。
两句都没有毛病的及物,有毛病的,不及物。
如kill 我杀他 他被我杀,可以,为及物动词
Dance 我跳他,他被我跳,不及物动词
有的动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词。
如kill 有杀某人,也有杀戮的意思,前者是及物,后者是不及物动词
2. 不及物动词+同源名词
有些不及物动词,以同源名词作宾语后,可以变为及物动词
Dream a terrible dream.
Live a happy life
Smile a bright smile.
3. 完全及物动词与完全不及物动词
完全及物动词(需要加宾语的动词):即加了宾语后,意思完全。
欧姓
He killed her. 有一个作用对象的动词。
完全不及物动词(无需加宾语):
He laughed.
The book was written by him得失随缘
The book :主语,此时,为write的对象。
He wrote a book.
4. 完全不及物动词出现的形态。
Something happened.过去时
Something was happening. 进行时。
完全不及物动词:完整的动词,放在主语后,可单独存在,意义完整,无需任何词类补充其意思的不足;但,完全不及物动词之后,可接副词或副词对等语(如介词短语,状语从句),以修饰该动词。
Something happened yesterday. 时间名词作状语,修饰happened.
这里,yesterday做时间状语
He died in an accident. 介词短语,做副词,修饰died.
He left becau he didn’t want to e Mary again. 状语从句,做副词,修饰left
5. 不完全不及物动词
即,系动词,意思不完全,无法单独存在,周后要接名词、形容词的对等语(如代词,动
名词,不定式,动名词从句,名词短语等),以补充其意思的不足。此类补足语,同时修饰主语,故称为主语补足语或表语。
He looks happy. Look是系动词,形容词happy做补语,做主语补语。
He became a good student. 名词做补语,做主语补语,修饰主语。
My trouble is that I have no money 名词从句做补语,做主语补语。
He is in danger now. 介词短语做补语,做主语补语。
6. 不完全不及物动词的判定方法 系动词
我。。。他
他被我。。。
如become
(1)确定及物不及物
我变成他
他被我变成。
所以为不及物动词
(2)确定完全不完全。
主语+动词
主语+be+动词-ing
我变成
我在变成。。。
所以为不完全动词。。。
综上为,不完全,不及物动词,需要加补语。
什么是完全,即看看要不要加补语。
7. 不完全不及物动词的种类及其主语补语用法 系动词
7.1 be动词
专业不对口be动词后用名词对等语(名词,名词从句,名词短语,动名词,不定式),文体特长形容词(做形容词的现在分词,过去分词,介词短语,地点副词或地点副词短语)做补语。
Be动词的三种翻译:
名词作补语时,翻译为“是”;
形容词做补语时,be动词,不翻译;
地点副词或地点副词短语做补语时,be动词,翻译为“在”。
He is a great hero 名词作补语。
The problem is whether he can join us 名词从句做补语。
The question is when to t off 名词短语做补语。
My hobby is collecting stamps. 做名词用的动名词短语,即名词,做补语
My purpo is to e him. 做名词用的不定式短语,即名词,做补语。
She is beautiful. 形容词做补语。
The question is interesting. 做形容词用的现在分词做补语。
I am interested in the question.做形容词用的过去分词做补语。
The book is of no u.做作形容词用的介词短语做补语。Of+抽象名词(形容词)
She is there.地点副词做补语。
They are upstairs.地点副词做补语。
Is he home now?地点副词做补语。
Be 动词后的现在分词有两种形式:做形容词,做动词。
形容词时,翻译为夏日杂诗比赛结果“。。。的”
动词时,翻译为“正在。。。”
Be 动词后的过去分词也有两种形式:形容词,动词的被动语态。
形容词时,翻译为:……的。
动词时,翻译为:被……
是哪个词性的判断方法:把be动词后面的和主语互换,看能不能换。
He is washing the car.
换了以后:Washing the car is he.不可以,所以是现在分词,不是动名词。
His job is washing cars.
换了以后:Washing cars is his job。可以,所以,是动名词,动词短语做主语。
Whether从句做及物动词的宾语时,名词从句连接词whether可用if代替。
I don’t know whether the typhoon will come.
= I don’t know if the typhoon will come. Whether引导的名词从句,作宾语。
介词之后无宾语时,可单独存在做副词使用,和地点副词一样,有形容词的功能,也可以作为be动词之后的补语。