HYDROCHARITACEAE
水鳖科 shui bie ke
Wang Qingfeng (王青锋)1, Guo Youhao (郭友好)2; Robert R. Haynes3, C. Barre Hellquist4 Herbs, annual or perennial, submerged or floating, aquatic, in fresh or brackish water or marine. Stems short or elongated, sometimes stoloniferous. Leaves radical or cauline, alternate, opposite, subopposite, whorled, or pudowhorled, ssile or petiolate, usually sheathing at ba. Flowers unixual or bixual, actinomorphic, enclod in a bifid spathe or within 2 opposite spathal bracts, or rarely not spatulate; spathes ssile or pedunculate. Stamens 1 to many, occasionally some staminodal; anthers 1–4-thecous. Ovary inferior, 1-loculed; carpels 2–15, fud; ovules few to many, on parietal, sometimes intruding placentae; styles 2–5; stigmas usually bifid. Fruit a fleshy and berrylike capsule dehiscent or opening by decay of pericarp, or an achene (Najas). Seeds numerous, usually small, without endosperm; embryo straight.
Eighteen genera and ca. 120 species: widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world; 11 genera (one introduced) and 34 species (four endemic, one introduced) in China.
Wang Huiqin & Sun Xiangzhong. 1992. Hydrocharitaceae. In: Sun Xiangzhong, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popul
aris Sin. 8: 151–190; Zhou Lingyun, You Jun & Zhong Xiongwen. 1992. Najas. In: Sun Xiangzhong, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 8: 108–125.
1a. Fruit an elliptic-oblong achene; perianth 2-lipped; plant annual, submerged in fresh or brackish water; leaves ssile ...... 1. Najas 1b. Fruit a fleshy and berrylike capsule; perianth gments free, 1- or 2-riate, 3 per ries, outer often paloid, inner petaloid; plant perennial or annual, floating or submerged; leaves petiolate or ssile.
亲亲的好处2a. Marine herbs; pollen grains threadlike.
3a. Plants slender; leaves usually opposite or binate, not in 2 rows, linear to ovate, usually petiolate ................. 10. Halophila 3b. Plants robust; leaves alternate, in 2 rows, ribbonlike, ssile.
4a. Female inflorescence shortly pedunculate; leaves smaller, slightly falcate ................................................. 5. Thalassia 4b. Female inflorescence long pedunculate; leaves larger, not falcate ................................................................. 4. Enhalus 2b. Freshwater herbs; pollen grains not threadlike.
5a. Leaves all basal; stems short.
6a. Leaves linear, ribbonlike, ssile; fruit narrowly cylindric.
7a. Stamens 3–9; ovary attenuate into a long, filiform beak; peduncle of female flower shorter .................... 6. Blyxa
7b. Stamens 1–3; ovary not as above; peduncle of female flower very long ............................................ 7. Vallisneria 6b. Leaves lanceolate to orbicular, usually petiolate.
8a. Stolon abnt; leaves submerged; spathes usually winged ........................................................................ 2. Ottelia
8b. Stolon prent; leaves floating; spathes not winged .......................................................................... 3. Hydrocharis 5b. Leaves cauline; stems elongated.
9a. Leaves whorled.
10a. Leaves distinctly rrate to unaided eye ................................................................................................ 9. Hydrilla
10b. Leaves minutely rrate, magnification needed .............................................................................
....... 11. Egeria 9b. Leaves alternate, opposite, or spirally arranged.
11a. Flowers usually bixual; pals linear to lanceolate, shorter than petals; leaves with prominent
midvein ....................................................................................................................................................... 6. Blyxa 11b. Flowers unixual; pals ovate, subequal to petals; leaves lacking a prominent midvein ........ 8. Nechamandra
1. NAJAS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1015. 1753.
茨藻属 ci zao shu
Herbs, annual, small, submerged in fresh or brackish water. Stem slender, fragile, much branched, rooting at ba and lower-most nodes. Leaves subopposite or pudowhorled, ssile, linear, small, 1-veined, sheathing at ba, margin spinulo-toothed; sheaths variously shaped, often auriculate. Plants monoecious or dioecious; flowers minute, unixual, solitary or few in leaf axil. Male flowers spatulate or rarely not spatulate; perianth (often named “involucre” or “envelope”) 2-lipped, membranous, cloly applied to anther; stamen 1, anther subssile, 1–4-thecous, dehiscing at ape
x. Female flowers ssile; spathe abnt or rarely prent; perianth persistent. Fruit an elliptic-oblong achene; pericarp thin, membranous, indehiscent, persistent. Seeds without endosperm; testa hard, brittle, pitted; embryo straight.
About 40 species: cosmopolitan; eleven species (one endemic) in China.
1 Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chine Academy of Sciences, Moshan, Wuchang, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People’s Republic of China.
2 Herbarium, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People’s Republic of China.
3 Herbarium, Biological Sciences, Biodiversity and Systematics Department, University of Alabama, Box 870345, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0345, U.S.A.
4 Department of Biology, Massachutts College of Liberal Arts, 37
5 Church Street, North Adams, Massachutts 01247-4100, U.S.A.
HYDROCHARITACEAE
92
One of the Fl. China editorial committee, Wu Zhengyi, prefers to keep the Najadaceae parate becau of its distinct morphology in having superior ovaries and nuclear endosperms.
1a. Plants dioecious; stems and abaxial surface of leaves usually spiny; areoles on eds irregularly arranged ................. 1. N. marina 1b. Plants monoecious; stems and abaxial surface of leaves usually not spiny; areoles on eds longitudinally arranged.
2a. Anthers 1-thecous.
3a. Seeds with many transverly elongated ladderlike pits; areoles fusiform; fruit narrowed and slightly curved at apex ........................................................................................................................................................ 2. N. minor 3b. Seeds with many longitudinally elongated pits; areoles rectangular or polygonal; fruit usually straight.
4a. Auricles broadly triangular; leaves in pudowhorls of 3 ..................................................................... 5. N. browniana 4b. Auricles orbicular or obcordate; leaves in pudowhorls of 5.
5a. Male spathe prent .......................................................................................................................... 3. N. gracillima
5b. Male spathe abnt ................................................................................................................ 4. N. pudogracillima 2b. Anthers 4(or rarely 2)-thecous.
6a. Auricles broadly triangular to linear.
7a. Male flowers without spathe .................................................................................................................. 10. N. graminea 7b. Male flowers with spathe ............................................................................................................ 11. N. pudograminea 6b. Auricles rounded to obcordate.
8a. Fruit milunate; female flowers with spathe ................................................................................... 6. N. ancistrocarpa 8b. Fruit elliptic; female flowers without spathe.
大斧
9a. Areoles hexangular, transverly elongated, arranged in ladderlike manner ................................. 7. N. oguraensis
9b. Areoles rectangular or irregularly arranged.
10a. Auricles orbicular; testa with apparently raid cell walls ....................................................... 8. N. chinensis
10b. Auricles obcordate; testa without raid cell walls ................................................................... 9. N. foveolata
1. Najas marina Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1015. 1753.
大茨藻 da ci zao
Stems 30–100 cm or more tall, 1–4.5 mm in diam., mostly armed with spines, spines sometimes abnt except apically. Leaves 1.5–3 cm × 2–3.5 mm, fleshy, abaxial side of midvein usually with spines; sheath ca. 3 mm, entire or rrulate with 1–3 spine cells on upper side without auricle, leaf acute at apex, with 2–10 conspicuous teeth on each side of margin; teeth 1–2 mm. Plants dioecious; flowers yellowish green. Male flowers ca. 5 × 2 mm; spathe with a short neck; anther 4-thecous. Fe-male flowers 2–4.5 mm; style ca. 1 mm; stigmas 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit elliptic to obovoid-elliptic, 4–6 × 3–4 mm. Seeds ovoid; testa pitted; areoles polygonal, irregularly arranged. Fl. and fr. Sep–Nov. 2n = 12*, 24, 48, 60*.
Ponds, lakes, slow-moving rivers; below 2700 m. Anhui, Guang-dong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi, Taiwan, Xin-jiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyz-stan, M alaysia, M ongolia, M yanmar, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia, Aus-tralia, Europe, North and South America].
1a. Stems without spines except at apex;
abaxial side of leaf midvein without
spines .................................................. 1c. var. brachycarpa 1b. Stems with spines; abaxial side of leaf
midvein with spines.
2a. Seeds 2.5–4 mm; style and stigma
0.2–1.4 mm; anther 1–3.3 mm ..... 1d. var. intermedia
2b. Seeds 4–6 mm; style and stigma
2–3 mm; anther ca. 4 mm.
3a. Margins of leaves with 4–10
conspicuous teeth; stems
with spines .................................. 1a. var. marina
3b. Margins of leaves with 2 or
4 teeth; stems with only 1
or 2 spines under nodes ... 1b. var. grossidentata 1a. Najas marina var. marina
大茨藻(原变种) da ci zao (yuan bian zhong)
Ittnera major (Allioni) C. C. Gmelin; Najas major Allioni; N. major var. angustifolia A. Braun; N. marina var. angustifolia (A. Braun) K. Schumann.
Stems mostly armed with spines. Leaves with 4–10 conspicuous teeth on margin, abaxial side of midvein with spines ca. 2 mm. Style and stigma 2–3 mm; anthers 3.8–4 mm. Seeds 4.5–5.7 × 2–2.8
mm.
Ponds, lakes, slow-moving rivers; below 2700 m. Anhui, Guang-dong, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shandong, Shanxi, Taiwan, Xin-jiang, Y unnan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Russia, Tajiki-stan; Africa, Australia, Europe, North America].
1b. Najas marina var. grossidentata Rendle, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 5: 396. 1899.
粗齿大茨藻 cu chi da ci zao
Stems stout, with only 1 or 2 spines under nodes. Margins of leaves with 2 or 4 teeth, abaxial side of midvein with spar spines. Style and stigma 2–3 mm; anthers 3.8–4 mm. Seeds 4–4.5 × 2.2–2.4 mm.
Ponds, lakes. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning [Korea].
1c. Najas marin a var. brachycarpa Trautvetter, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 40(3): 97. 1867.
短果茨藻 duan guo ci zao
Najas intramongolica Y. C. Ma; N. marina subsp. brachy-carpa (Trautvetter) Tzvelev.
HYDROCHARITACEAE 93
Stems slightly slender, with spines only at apex. Leaves smaller, abaxial side of midvein without spines. Style and stig-ma 0.2–1.4 mm; anthers 1–3.3 mm. Seeds 2.2–2.5 × 1.5–1.8 mm.
Ponds. Nei Mongol, Xinjiang [C Asia].
1d. Najas marina var. intermedia (Gorski) Ascherson, Fl. Brandenburg 1: 670. 1864.
作文六要素
小果大茨藻 xiao guo da ci zao妈妈成长记
Naj as intermedia Gorski in Eichwald, Naturhist. Skizze, 126. 1830; N. marina subsp. intermedia (Gorski) Casper.
Stems only slightly spiny. Leaves with 4–8 conspicuous teeth on margin, abaxial side of midvein with spines. Style and stigma 0.2–1.4 mm; anthers 1–3.3 mm. Seeds 2.5–4 × 1.2–2 mm.
Ponds. Y unnan [cold to warm-temperate areas from Europe to C Asia, extending to a few subtropical parts of Asia].
2. Najas min or Allioni, Auct. Syn. Meth. Stirp. Horti Regii Taur.
3. 1773.
小茨藻 xiao ci zao
Caulinia minor (Allioni) Cosson & Germain; Fluvialis minor (Allioni) Persoon; Ittnera minor (Allioni) C. C. Gmelin; Najas moshanensis N. Z. Wang.
Stems 4–25 cm tall, 0.5–1 mm in diam. Leaves recurved, 1–3 cm × 0.5–1 mm; sheath ca. 2 mm; auricles truncate to rounded, with more than 10 teeth on upper and outer sides of leaf margin, each side rrulate with 6–12 teeth, apex acumi-nate. Plants monoecious; flowers yellowish green. Male flowers elliptic, 0.5–1.5 mm; spathe with a short neck, with brownish spine cells at apex; anther 1-thecous. Female flowers ca. 2 mm; style 1–1.7 mm; stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit linear-ellipsoid, 2–3 × ca. 0.5 mm, narrowed and slightly curved at apex. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, with many rows of transverly elongated ladderlike pits; areoles fusiform. Fl. and fr. Jun–Oct. 2n = 12*, 24*, 36, 46, 56.
Ponds, lakes, paddy fields and channels; below 2700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hu-bei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, S
handong, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, India, Indonesia (Java), Japan (including Ryukyu Islands), Kazakhstan, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Viet-nam; Africa, SW Asia, Europe; introduced in North America].
3. Najas gracillima (A. Braun ex Engelmann) Magnus, Beitr. Kenntn. Najas, 23. 1870.
纤细茨藻 xian xi ci zao
Najas indica (Willdenow) Chamisso var. gracillima A. Braun ex Engelmann in A. Gray, Manual, ed. 5, 681. 1867; N. japonica Nakai.
Stems 8–20 cm tall, 0.3–0.5 mm in diam. Leaves often in pudowhorls of 5, ca. 2 cm × 0.3–0.5 mm; sheath 1–2 mm; auricles orbicular to slightly obcordate, short, minutely rrulate with 6 or 7 teeth, upper margin on each side minutely rrulate with 7–11 teeth. Plants monoecious; flowers 1–4 per axil, male flowers in upper axils and female ones throughout. Male flow-ers elliptic, 1–1.5 mm; spathe with a short neck, with brownish spine cells at apex; anther 1-thecous. Female flowers conspicu-ous, 2–3 mm; style 1–2 mm; stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit linear-ellip-soid, 2–3 × ca. 0.5 mm. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, with more than 20 rows of pits; areoles oblong, longitudinally elongated. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug. 2n = 12, 24.
Paddy fields, shallow water of ponds and channels; below 1800 m. Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei M ongol, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan; North America].
Najas gracillima is most similar to N. minor, especially in vege-tative condition. However, N. gracillima can be parated from N. minor by its fruit often straight and the areoles of its eds longer than broad.
4. Najas pudogracillima Triest, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Outre-Mer, Cl. Sci. Nat. Méd., Collect. 8vo. 22: 98. 1988.
拟纤细茨藻 ni xian xi ci zao
Stems ca. 10 cm tall, ca. 0.3 mm in diam. Leaves often in pudowhorls of 5, 9–11 × ca. 0.3 mm; sheath 1–2 mm; auricles orbicular to slightly obcordate, short, minutely rrulate with 3–5 teeth, upper margin on each side minutely rrulate with 6–10 teeth. Plants monoecious; flowers 1–3 per axil, male flowers in upper axils and female ones below. Male flowers elliptic, 0.6–0.8 mm; spathe abnt; anther 1-thecous. Female flowers incon-spicuous, ca. 1 mm; style ca. 1 mm; stigmas 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit 1.6–2 × ca. 0.5 mm. Seeds elliptic-oblong, with more than 25 rows of pits; areoles oblon
g, longitudinally elongated; cell walls not raid. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov.
● Known only from ponds on Chung Chi Campus, Hong Kong.
Najas pudogracillima is most similar to N. gracillima, especi-ally in vegetative condition. It differs by having male flowers without a spathe, whereas N. gracillima has male flowers with a spathe.
5. Najas browniana Rendle, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 5: 420. 1899.
高雄茨藻 gao xiong ci zao
Stems 20–30 cm tall, ca. 1 mm in diam. Leaves often in pudowhorls of 3, linear, 1–2 cm × 0.5–1 mm; sheath shortly auriculate; auricles triangular, ca. 2 mm, minutely rrulate with veral teeth on apex; leaf margin on each side minutely r-rulate with 10–20 teeth. Plants monoecious; flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together. Male flowers ca. 1 mm; spathe with a short neck, with brownish spine cells at apex; anther 1-thecous. Fe-male flowers linear-ellipsoid, ca. 1 mm; style short; stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit linear-ellipsoid, 1.5–1.7 mm. Seeds narrowly ellip-soid, with many rows of pits; areoles squarish to pentangular. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov. 2n = 12*.
Brackish water. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan [India, Indonesia, New Guinea; Australia].
According to Triest (Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Outre-M er, Cl. Sci. Nat. Méd., Collect. 8vo. 22: 118. 1988), Najas browniana is found only in Australia.
HYDROCHARITACEAE 94
6. Najas ancistrocarpa A. Braun ex Magnus, Beitr. Kenntn. Najas,
7. 1870.
弯果茨藻 wan guo ci zao
Caulinia ancistrocarpa (A. Braun ex Magnus) Nakai; Najas poyangensis S. F. Guan & Q. Lang.
Stems 10–30 cm tall, 0.5–1 mm in diam. Leaves narrowly linear or linear, 1–2 cm × ca. 0.5 mm; sheath 1–1.5 mm; auri-cles rounded, minutely rrulate with 5–8 teeth on upper side; leaf margin minutely rrulate with 4–16 (or more) spiny teeth on each side. Plants monoecious; flowers solitary. Male flowers 0.5–1.5 mm; spathe with a short neck, with 4 or 5 brownish spine cells at apex; anther 4-thecous. Female flowers recurved, with a spathe; neck of spathe with brownish spine cells at apex; style ca. 0.5 mm; stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit milunate, 1–2 × ca.
0.5 mm. Seeds curved, fusiform, with many rows of pits; are-oles oblong. Fl. and fr. Jul–Oct. 2n = 12*, 24.
Still water. Fujian, Hubei, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan].
7. Najas oguraensis Miki, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49: 775. 1935.
澳古茨藻 ao gu ci zao
Caulinia oguraensis (Miki) Nakai.
Stems 20–30 cm tall, 1–2.5 mm in diam. Leaves narrowly linear to subulate, 1–2 cm × 1–3 mm, slightly curved; midvein sometimes with spines; sheath 3–5 mm; auricles orbicular to obcordate, short, minutely rrulate with veral teeth at apex; leaf margin rrulate with 7–14 teeth on each side. Plants monoecious; flowers solitary, male flowers usually in upper axils, female ones throughout. Male flowers elliptic, ca. 1 mm; spathe with a neck, with veral brownish spine cells at apex; anther 4-thecous. Female flowers ca. 3 mm; style ca. 0.5 mm; stigmas 2-lobed. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, 3–4 × ca. 1 mm, narrowed and curved at apex. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, with many rows of transverly elongated ladderlike pits; areoles hexangular. Fl. and fr. Jul–Nov. 2n = 24, 60*.
Still water. Hubei, Jiangxi, Taiwan [India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan].
8. Najas chinensis N. Z. Wang, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 3: 32. 1985. 东方茨藻 dong fang ci zao
Najas orientalis Triest & Uotila.
Stems 10–15 cm tall, 0.5–1 mm in diam. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate, 1–3 cm × 0.2–1 mm; sheath ca. 2 mm; auricles rounded, minutely rrulate with veral teeth on each side; leaf margin minutely rrulate with 6–20 teeth on each side. Plants monoecious; flowers solitary or sometimes 2 to-gether, male flowers in upper axils and female ones throughout. Male flowers elliptic, ca. 1 mm; spathe with a neck, with veral brownish spine cells at apex; anther 4-thecous. Female flowers 2–2.5 mm; style ca. 1 mm; stigmas 2–4(or 5)-lobed. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, 2–2.5 × ca. 0.5 mm. Seeds slightly reniform, with ca. 20 rows of pits; areoles regularly arranged, subsquare; cell walls apparently raid. Fl. and fr. May–Aug. 2n = 12*.
Ponds, channels, paddy fields, slow-moving rivers; below 1800 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Taiwan, Y unnan, Zhejiang [Japan; Europe].
Najas chinensis is similar to N. foveolata but can be easily parated by its rounded sheath and apparently raid cell walls of the ed coat.
9. Najas foveolata A. Braun ex Magnus, Beitr. Kenntn. Najas, 7. 1870.
多孔茨藻 duo kong ci zao
Caulinia foveolata (A. Braun ex Magnus) Nakai.
Stems 10–20 cm tall, 0.5–1 mm in diam. Leaves linear, slender, 2–2.5 cm × 0.2–0.5 mm; sheath 2–2.5 mm; auricles obcordate, minutely rrulate with 4–9 teeth at apex and outer side; leaf margin on each side minutely rrulate with 6–24 teeth. Plants monoecious; flowers solitary, male flowers in upper axils and female flowers throughout. Male flowers ellip-tic, ca. 1 mm; spathe with a short neck, with veral brownish spine cells at apex; anther 4-thecous. Female flowers ca. 2.5 mm; style ca. 1 mm; stigmas 2-lobed, unequal. Fruit narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 × 0.5 mm. Seeds narrowly ellipsoid, with ca.
20 rows of pits; areoles subsquarish to polygonal. Fl. and fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 12*, 24, 36.
Ponds. Anhui, Guangxi, Hubei, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, ?Indo-nesia, Malaysia].
Previously, this species was known only in China from S Guangxi.
10. Najas gramin ea Delile, Descr. Égypte, Hist. Nat. 2: 282. 1813.
草茨藻 cao ci zao
Stems 10–20 cm tall, 0.5–1 mm in diam. Leaves narrowly linear to linear, 1–2.5 cm × 0.4–1 mm; sheath 1.5–3 mm, deeply auriculate; auricles narrowly triangular or lanceolate, 1–2 mm, rrulate with veral teeth on each side, apex acute; leaf margin minutely and denly rrulate with 30–50 inconspic-uous teeth on each side, consisting of brownish spine cells only. Plants monoecious; flowers solitary, or sometimes 2 or 3 to-gether. Male flowers usually more toward upper axils, ca. 1 mm, elliptic; spathe abnt; anther 4-thecous. Female flowers 1.5–2 mm; style ca. 1 mm; stigmas 2–4-lobed. Fruit oblong, 1.5–2 × ca. 0.8 mm. Seeds ellipsoid-oblong, with ca. 30 rows of pits; areoles hexangular and irregularly polygonal toward ends, or rectangular. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep. 2n = 12*, 24, 36*, 48, 72.
Ponds, paddy fields, usually in still or slow-moving water; below 1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Sichuan, Taiwan, Y unnan, Zhejiang [Afghani-stan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan (including Ryukyu Islands), Kazakhstan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan, Vietnam; Africa, SW Asia, Australia, Europe; introduced in North America].
1a. Fruit not curved; areoles hexangular
10月放假to polygonal .......................................... 10a. var. graminea 1b. Fruit curved toward apex; areoles
oblong ................................................... 10b. var. recurvata是也是
HYDROCHARITACEAE 95
10a. Najas graminea var. graminea
草茨藻(原变种) cao ci zao (yuan bian zhong)
Caulinia graminea (Delile) Tzvelev.
Leaves ca. 1 mm wide; auricles narrowly triangular. Fruit usually straight. Seeds with hexangular or irregularly polygonal areoles.
Ponds, paddy fields, usually in still or slow-moving water. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Taiwan, Y unnan [India, ?Indonesia, Japan (including Ryukyu Islands), Korea, M alaysia, M yanmar, Philippines; Africa, Australia, Europe; introduced in North America].
10b. Najas graminea var. recurvata J. B. He, L. Y. Zhou & H. Q. Wang, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 8(3): 126. 1988.
弯果草茨藻 wan guo cao ci zao
Leaves less than 0.5 mm wide; auricles shortly lanceolate. Fruit recurved at apex. Seeds with apparently oblong areoles.
● Paddy fields. Hubei, Zhejiang. 11. Najas pudograminea W. Koch, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 44: 339. 1935.
拟草茨藻 ni cao ci zao
Naj as tenuifolia R. Brown subsp. pudograminea (W. Koch) W. J. de Wilde.
Stems ca. 10 cm tall, ca. 1 mm in diam. Leaves often in pudowhorls of 3, 16–20 × 0.6–0.9 mm; sheath 1–2 mm; auricles linear, short, minutely rrulate with 3–9 teeth, upper margin on each side minutely rrulate with 30–50 teeth. Plants monoecious; flowers 1–3 per axil, male flowers in upper axils and female ones below. Male flowers elliptic, 1.4–2.3 mm; spathe with short neck; anther 4-thecous. Female flowers incon-spicuous, ca. 1 mm; style ca. 1 mm; stigmas 2- or 3-lobed. Fruit 1–1.
3 × ca. 0.4 mm. Seeds elliptic-oblong, with more than 20 rows of pits; areoles squarish to hexagonal or rectangular; cell walls not raid. Fl. and fr. Jul.
Known in China only from ponds on Chung Chi Campus, Hong Kong [East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand; Australia].
2. OTTELIA Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 400. 1805.
海菜花属 hai cai hua shu
Boottia Wallich; Oligolobos Gagnepain.
Herbs, freshwater. Stems usually cormlike. Leaves all basal, petiolate, usually sheathing at ba; blades submerged or some-times floating, linear to broadly ovate, 3–11-veined. Spathes elliptic or ovate, usually 2–6-winged, apex bifid or trifid, with 1 to many flowers. Flowers bixual or unixual and plants dioecious. Male flowers with longer pedicel. Bixual and female flowers shortly pedicellate or without pedicel. Sepals 3, greenish, linear, oblong, or ovate. Petals 3, colored, orbicular to broadly obovate, much longer and wider than pals. Stamens 3–15; filaments linear, flattened; anthers laterally dehiscent; staminodes (abnt or 1–)3, often prent in female flowers. O
vary of 3, 6, or 9 (or more) carpels; ovules numerous; stigmas 2 per style, linear. Fruit cylindric, fusi-form, or conic. Seeds numerous, small, often hairy.
About 21 species: tropical to temperate areas; five species (two endemic) in China.
1a. Flowers bixual.
2a. Spathe with only 1 flower; flowers without gland; leaf sheath abnt ............................................................... 1. O. alismoides 2b. Spathe with many flowers; flowers with gland; leaves sheathed at ba .............................................................. 2. O. balansae 1b. Flowers unixual.
3a. Female spathe with 2–9 female flowers; styles 3; fruit triangular-cylindric to fusiform ................................... 5. O. acuminata 3b. Female spathe with only 1 female flower; styles more than 3; fruit oblong.
4a. Leaves dimorphic, submerged and floating; eds smooth; male spathe with 10–30 male flowers ................ 3. O. cordata 4b. Leaves not dimorphic, emerd; eds denly hairy; male spathe with 47–60 male flowers .......................... 4. O. emersa
1. Ottelia alismoides (Linnaeus) Persoon, Syn. Pl. 1: 400. 1805.
龙舌草 long she cao
Stratiotes alismoides Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 535. 1753; Dam-asonium alismoides (Linnaeus) R. Brown; D. indicum Will-denow, nom. illeg. superfl.; Ottelia alismoides f. oryzetorum Komarov; O. condorensis Gagnepain; O. dioecia S. Z. Yan; O. indica Planchon ex Dalzell & A. Gibson, nom. illeg. su-perfl.; O. japonica Miquel; S. quinquealatus Stokes, nom. illeg. superfl.
Petiole varying greatly in length according to depth of water; leaf blade wholly submerged, varying greatly in shape and size, usually broadly ovate, ovate-elliptic, suborbicular, cor-date, or sometimes lanceolate, ca. 20 × 18 cm or more, mem-branous. Flowers bixual or plants occasionally dioecious-polygamous. Spathe 2.5–4 × 1.5–2.5 cm, 2- or 3-lobed at apex, with 3–6 longitudinal wings. Flowers solitary, ssile. Petals white, slightly purple, or bluish. Stamens 3–9(–12); filaments glandular hairy; anthers narrowly oblong, 3–4 mm. Ovary sub-globo, with 3–9(or 10) carpels; styles 6–10, deeply 2-lobed. Fruit 2–5 × 0.8–1.8 cm. Seeds fusiform, 1–2 mm, denly hairy. Fl. and fr. Apr–Oct. 2n = 44.
Still or running water. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gui-zhou, NW Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjian
g, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Y unnan, Zhejiang [Cambodia, India, Indo-nesia, Japan (including Ryukyu Islands), Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myan-mar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Vietnam; Africa, Australia; introduced in North America].
HYDROCHARITACEAE 96
2. Ottelia balansae (Gagnepain) Dandy, J. Bot. 72: 137. 1934. 贵州水车前 gui zhou shui che qian
Oligolobos balansae Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 543. 1907; Boottia sinensis H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Ottelia demersa H. Li & C. X. You; O. sinensis (H. Léveillé & Vaniot) H. Léveillé ex Dandy.
Leaves wholly submerged, translucent, young leaves linear or lanceolate, mature ones usually oblong or ovate, 20–40 × 6–9 cm, ba truncate, rounded, or cordate, apex acute or rounded; petiole ca. 20 cm. Spathe elliptic, 3–6 × ca. 1.5 cm, with many longitudinal ribs and often with wings on lateral sides, with 3–11 flowers. Flowers bixual. Sepals green. Petals white with yellow ba, obtriangular or obovate, 2–3 × ca. 2.5 cm. Stamens 3; filaments 4–5 mm; anthers elliptic, 4–5 mm; glands 3. Ovary triangular-cylindric, with 3 carpels; styles 3, hairy; stigmas 6, hairy. Fruit narrowly elliptic, 5–9 cm × ca. 8 mm. Seeds cylindric to fusiform, ca. 3 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun–Nov.
Ponds, rivers, lakes. Guangxi, Guizhou, Y unnan [Vietnam].
3. Ottelia cordata (Wallich) Dandy, J. Bot. 72: 137. 193
4.
水菜花 shui cai hua
Boottia cordata Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1: 52. 1830; B. heterophylla Merrill & F. P. Metcalf; Ottelia heterophylla (Merrill & F. P. Metcalf) T. L. Wu.
Leaves dimorphic; submerged leaves narrowly elliptic to ligulate, 30–60 × 4.5–10 cm; floating leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 10–20 × 4–10 cm, ba cordate, apex acute to acuminate; petiole 30–120 cm. Flowers unixual. Spathe oblong-ovate, 3.5–8 × 1.5–2 cm, with 6 longitudinal ribs, bifid at apex. Male spathe with 10–30 male flowers; pals yel-lowish; petals white, obovate, 2.5–4.5 cm; stamens 12; fila-ments denly hairy; anthers ca. 6 mm; staminodes 3; reduced pistil 1; glands 3. Female spathe with only 1 female flower; perianths similar to male ones; ovary oblong, with 9–15 car-pels; styles 9–18, papillate, bifid at apex; staminodes 3–8; glands 3. Fruit oblong, 4–4.5 × 1.6–2 cm. Seeds fusiform, ca.
1.5 mm, smooth. Fl. May. 2n = 2
2.
Ponds, channels. Hainan [Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand].
4. Ottelia emersa Z. C. Zhao & R. L. Luo, J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 5: 339. 1987.
出水水菜花 chu shui shui cai hua
Leaves emerd; petiole 45–90 cm; leaf blade narrowly cordate, 9–20 × 4.5–14 cm, leathery, ba cordate, apex obtu. Flowers unixual. Spathe 5–7.5 × 3–3.5 cm, with 3 longitudi-nal ribs. Male spathe with 47–60 male flowers; pals greenish; petals white with yellow ba, obovate, 4–5.5 cm; stamens 12; filaments upper denly hairy; anthers 4–9 mm; staminodes 3; reduced pistil 1. Female spathe with only 1 female flower; peri-anth larger than male ones; ovary ovoid, with 14–16 carpels; styles 14–18, bifid and hairy at apex; staminodes 6–9. Fruit oblong, 4.5–7 × 3–5 cm. Seeds fusiform, ca. 1.6 mm, denly hairy. Fl. May, fr. Jun–Jul. 2n = 22*.
● Ponds. Guangxi (Guixian).
This species differs from Ottelia cordata by its leaves emerd and not dimorphic, male flowers in each spathe with up to 47–60 flow-ers, and eds denly hairy.
5. Ottelia acumin ata (Gagnepain) Dandy, J. Bot. 72: 137. 1934.
发邮件的礼貌用语海菜花 hai cai hua
Leaves wholly submerged; petioles varying greatly in length according to depth of water; leaf blades varying greatly in shape and size, linear to broadly cordate, ba cordate to attenuate, margin entire, undulate, or rrulate, apex obtu. Flowers unixual. Spathe with 2–6 longitudinal ribs. Male spathe with 40–190 male flowers; pals green; petals white with yellow ba, obcordate or obovate, 1–3.5 cm; stamens 9–12;filaments hairy;anthers ovoid-elliptic; staminodes 3. Female spathe with 2–9 female flowers; perianth similar to male ones; ovary triangular-cylindric with 3 carpels; styles 3, deeply bifid; staminodes 3. Fruit triangular-cylindric to fusiform, ca. 8 cm. Seeds narrowly elliptic, with or without hairs. Fl. May–Oct. 2n = 22*.
● Lakes, ponds, channels, paddy fields, rivers, streams. Guang-dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan.
1a. Male spathe with 60–190 flowers;
female spathe with 8 or 9 flowers ........ 5d. var. jingxiensis 1b. Male spathe with 40–50 flowers;
female spathe with 2 or 3 flowers.
2a. Male spathe without veins, with
bulbs within ................................... 5c. var. lunanensis 2b. Male spathe with veral veins,
without bulbs within.
3a. Fruit triangular-conic; leaves
not ligulate ............................ 5a. var. acuminata 3b. Fruit slightly curved, fusiform;
leaves ligulate .............................. 5b. var. crispa 5a. Ottelia acuminata var. acuminata休假日
海菜花(原变种) hai cai hua (yuan bian zhong)
Boottia acuminata Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 54: 538. 1907; B. yunnanensis Gagnepain; Ottelia acuminata var. tonhaiensis H. Li;O. cavaleriei Dandy; O. yunnanensis (Gagne-pain) Dandy; Xystrolobos yunnanensis Gagnepain.
Leaves linear to broadly cordate,ba usually cordate, mar-gin entire or minutely rrulate. Spathe w
ith 2–6 ribs. Male spathe with 40–50 male flowers, with veral veins; male flow-ers with filiform staminodes. Female spathe with 2 or 3 female flowers. Fruit triangular-conic. Seeds without hairs.
● Lakes, ponds, channels, paddy fields. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Y unnan.
5b. Ottelia acumin ata var. crispa (Handel-Mazzetti) H. Li, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 19: 36. 1981.
波叶海菜花 bo ye hai cai hua
Boottia crispa Handel-Mazzetti, Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. K l. 62: 253. 1925; Ottelia crispa (Handel-Mazzetti)Dandy; Xystrolobos crispus (Handel-Mazzetti) Dandy ex Handel-Mazzetti.
