3.6 Gideon Toury: Norm-governed, target-oriented approach
Working with Even-Zohar in Tel Aviv was another prominent scholar Gedion Toury, who early work was also on polysystem theory, namely on the socio-cultural conditions which determine the translation of foreign literature into Hebrew (Toury, 1977), and later included children’s literature. From 1980 and after, he attempted to develop a more comprehensive theory, calling for the development of a properly systematic descriptive branch of the discipline to replace isolated freestanding studies that are commonplace:
12月英语缩写
湖南瑶族‘What is missing is not isolated attempts reflecting excellent institutions and supplying fine insights (which many existing studies certainly do), but a systematic branch proceeding from clear assumptions and armed with a methodology and rearch techniques made as explicit as possible and justified within translation studies itlf. Only a branch of this kind can ensure that the findings of individual studies will be intersubjectively testable and comparable, and the studies themlves replicable’ (Toury,1995: 3).
3.6.1 TT (Target-culture) and target-oriented postulate
In pursuing the goal, Toury firstly prents the rearch object in the target-oriented approach. ‘In an attempt to pursue this goal, translations have been regarded as facts of the culture which hosts them, with the concomitant assumption that whatever their function and identity, the are constituted within that same culture and reflects its own constellation’ (1995: 24), Toury endeavors to gear primarily to the goal of supplying exhaustive accounts of whatever has been regarded as translational within a target culture, on the way to the formulation of some theoretical laws, ‘focusing not on some notion of equivalence as postulate requirements, but on the “actual relationship”constructed between the ST and its “factual replacement”’ (Ibid.).
3.6.2 Translation as cultural facts
一代英豪Since it is impossible for a translation to share the same space with its original in a given system, texts are bound to be affected by translations of their own. In this n, translation activities and their products—translations—not only can, but do cau changes in the target culture. Hence, the task here for us is to obrve the thing missing i
n the target culture through changes and transformation process which could be illustrated in the following figures.ST Translation TT Individnal text from the SC ST' Tr' TT' Translation Target culture CHANGE (nth translation of the text) Figure 5. Transformation process within the translating activity In the simple cas, both ‘deficiency’ and ‘fill-in’ consist in mere textual entities. However, in more complex ones, ‘models’ can be imported into the receiving culture as well. Accordingly, such a migration normally involves groups of texts that embody a recurring pattern or translating in a similar pattern. As Toury says (1995: 28), ‘while translations are intended to cater for the needs of a target culture, they also tend to deviate from its sanctioned patterns, on one level or another, not least becau of the postulate of retaining invariant at least some features of the source text, which ems to be part of any culture-internal notions of translation’. Moreover, some scholars identify that a text of translation ‘“protects” the reader, as it were, from misinterpreting the writer’s intentions. … [It] implies that deviations from culture norms are not judged as intentional, and therefore are not assigned any “hidden” meaning’ (Weizman and Blum-Kulka, 1987, qtd in Toury, 1995: 28). To bring all the to a
12岁生日演讲稿summary, the target-oriented assumption can be formulated as follows: ‘Translations are facts of target cultures; on occasion facts of a special status, sometimes even constituting identifiable (sub)systems of their own, but of the target culture in any event’ (Toury, 1995: 29).
3.6.3 DTS and systematic methodology
With the help of the previous study on conceptions, Toury (1995: 36-9, 102; Munday, 2001: 112) propos the following three-pha methodology for DTS, incorporating a description of the product and the wider role of the socio-cultural system.1) Situate the text within the target culture system, looking at its significance or acceptability; 2) Compare the ST and the TT for shifts, identifying translation relationship between ‘coupled pairs’ of a ST and TT gments, and attempting first-level and cond-level generalizations about the underlying concept of translation;
3) Possible implications of a descriptive-explanatory study for conscious decision-making in future translating. Munday goes on to add (2001: 112), ‘an important additional step is t
武器折纸大全he possibility of repeating phas (1) and (2) for other pairs of similar texts in order to widen the corpus and to build up a descriptive profile of translations according to genre, period, author, etc. In this way, the norms pertaining to each kind of translation can be identified with the ultimate aim (as more descriptive studies are performed) of stating laws of behavior for translation in general’.
Gideon Toury是以色列特拉维夫学派的又一代表人物，在多元系统论的基础上研究希伯来文学的翻译，提出以译语为中心（target-oriented）的翻译观，强调以实证的方法对大量译本进行描述性翻译研究（descriptive translation studies），从而找出译语文化中制约翻译过程中种种决定的规范（norm）。他认为，翻译是受制于规范的，而翻译的规范又在很大程度上取决于翻译活动及翻译产品在译语文化中的位置。开垦荒地Books
1. G. Toury
Translational Norms and Literary Translation into Hebrew, 1930-1945.
Tel Aviv: The Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics, Tel Aviv University. 1977. 4 + 296 pp. [Hebrew]
愿风裁尘2. G. Toury
In Search of a Theory of Translation.
Tel Aviv: The Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics, Tel Aviv University. 1980. 159 pp.
3. G. Toury
Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond.
十大名牌沙发Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 1995. xiii + 311 pp.
Gideon Toury (1980) has a radically different position: he is the first to elaborate a view of translation criticism in line with the direction of the new translation studies discipline. Translation criticism, in his view, consists in studying the metatexts that have been produced in a given receiving culture. Such analysis would have the purpo of finding constants in the general translation behavior, and, on the other hand, of finding regularities (constants, norms) that can contribute to configuring a culture-specific translation behavior: what are the parameters that make a given metatext fit for a given culture?
