语 言 学
第一讲
Lecture One Brief Introduction to Ling and Lang
1. Linguistics
1.1 Definition of linguistics Page 1-2
“scientific study of language”.
ling is a discipline which describes lang in all its respects (e.g. its system, its internal structure, its social functions, its u and its historical development) and formulates theories as to how it works.
1.2意思解释 linguistics versus traditional grammar
Traditional grammar, as a pre-20th century language description and pre-linguistic product
of rearch, was bad upon earlier grammars of Latin or Greek, and laid emphasis on correctness, literary excellence, the u of Latin models, and the priority of written language
----A gram which states rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage.
The three sources from which the rules of prescriptive gram come:
1) 杨梅坑Latin and Greek
----unchanging form of the langs
----high prestige in European education
----brilliance of classical literature.
e.g “It is I” and not “It is me”
2) the written lang
especially the works of great writers. People are told to speak as they would write.
e.g Whom did you speak to?
3) Logic
Gram should be judged insofar as it follows the principles of logic.
e.g You shouldn’t say
“I haven’t done nothing”
I don’t know nothing about the matter. (一无所知)
Nobody hardly took notice of him. (几乎没有一个人注意他)
Features of Modern linguistics
----priority is given to spoken language;
----focus is on synchronic study of contemporary language than in the study of the evolution of languages;
----modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature;
----it is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented.
1.3. U of studying linguistics Page 3-4
1.4 The scope of linguistics Page 4-8
Linguistics can be classified from different angles
1) general linguistics, particular linguistics,
2) synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics
3) comparative-historical linguistics and contrastive linguistics
4) theoretical linguistics, applied linguistics (the structure/system)
5) prescriptive ling, descriptive ling
6) microlinguistics and macrolinguistics
Microlinguistics:
Phonetics ----Phonology---Morphology--Syntax---Semantics---Pragmatics
Macrolinguistics:
Sociolinguistics—Psycholinguistics—Neurolinguistics—
Anthropological linguistics---Applied linguistics---Corpus linguistics----
Discour Analysis----Cognitive linguistics----Computational linguistics书法常识----.
Exerci
Comment on the differences between human language and animal communication, and provide examples if you can.
第二讲
differences between human language and animal communication：四年级数学手抄报图片简单又漂亮
1) language has the ability to refer to things far removed in time and space. Human frequently say things such as “My uncle went to Shanghai last week.”. In contrast, it may be impossible for an animal to convey similar information.
2) humans have the ability to produce and understand an indefinite number of novel utterances, but no animal can communicate creatively with another animal.
3) learning/acquiring is much more important as a factor in human language than in animal communication.
4) Human language structure and language u are vastly more complex than any known animal communication system.
5) animal communication systems are clod, whereas human languages are open-ended.
6) humans can perform acts with language.
2. Language
2.1 Definition of language (Page 8)
Tool for human communication
Means by which we express our feeling…..
Comprehensive definition
It is really just as difficult to define language as it is to define man.
怀念过去的唯美句子
人：
是一切社会关系的总和；
是唯一能把动物养成宠物和煮成食物的动物；
是一种会笑的动物；
"Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication"
Wardhaugh in his "Introduction to Linguistics" (1972).
自然生态环境 （语言是用于人类交际的、任意的、有声的符号系统）
Short as it is, this definition has captured the main features of language.
向日葵几月开花 First of all, language is a system.
Second, language is arbitrary.
Third, language is vocal.
大年初几回娘家Fourth, language is symbolic.
Fifth, language is ud for human communication and language is human-specific.
2.2 Origine of language (page3-4)
In general, there are two contrasting viewpoints: the divinist and evolutionist
