主谓一致专项复习 (新课标版高三英语下册教学论文)
主谓一致专项复习足够英文
【学习指南】
从广义上讲,一致关系牵涉到名词和代词之间、主语和谓语之间、主语和表语之间、主句谓语动词的时态和从句谓语动词时态之间等众多的一致关系,但本章只着重论述主语和谓语在人称和数的一致关系。
本章的学习重点是主谓一致的三个原则,即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。然而,在语言实践过程中往往还会出现较为复杂的情况,如有些句子的主语不能从词的形式上看出是单数还是复数,有时还会出现一些习惯用法,这就要求我们在学习过程中要记住:规则一定要遵循,例外一定要注意,惯用法一定要重视。本章难点是集合名词作主语以及形复意单的名词作主语时的主谓一致,另外并列主语的主谓一致因其例外较多,也是我们在学习过程中值得关注的焦点之一。
一、 语法一致的原则
语法一致是指主语为单数形式,谓语也用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语也用复数形式。
1、动词不定式或动词–ing形式作主语
动词不定式或动词–ing形式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
To e is to believe.
眼见为实。
Asking costs nothing.
多问不吃亏。
2、从句作主语
名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
That they will win is certain.
他们一定会赢是确信无疑的。
When they could finish the task is not known yet.
他们何时能完成任务还未知。
Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his / her name here.
要参加比赛的人请在这里签名。
【小贴士】
但what / whoever / which引导的主语从句充当主语时,有时要看what / whoever / which所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。
What he said is true.他所说的是真的。
What we need are more volunteers. 我们所需要的是更多的志愿者。
3、“more than one 或many a + 单数名词”作主语
“more than one / many a +单数名词”作主语时,尽管其意义复数,但谓语动词还是用单数形式。但“more than + 复数名词”或“more + 复数名词 + than one”作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。
More than one student has read Rowling’s Harry Porter.
许多学生看过罗琳的《哈利波特》。
Many a student has en the film Titanic twice.
许多学生看了电影《铁达尼号》两次。
More than two hundred people have turned out at the meeting.
两百多人退出了会场。
More students than one are against the decision.
不止一个学生反对这个决定。
【小帖士】
“one or two +复数名词”作主语,谓语动词用复数,但“a / one + 单数名词+ or two”作主语,谓语动词单数、复数均可。
排骨萝卜汤One or two days are enough for me to finish the work.
一两天的时间就足够我去完成这工作。
Only a / one word or two is / are needed here.
这里只需要一两个字。
锋利的锋组词
4、用and连接的主语
由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如表示单一的概念时,谓语动词则用单数形式(见本章第二节“意义一致的原则”)。
Rice and wheat are grown in China.
中国种植小米和小麦。
Both his father and his mother are advanced workers.
他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进工作者。
组限5、用with, as well as等词连接的主语
“名词+ together with/as well as + 名词”结构作主语时,不能看作是并列主语,together with或as well as之后的名词是主语的附加成分,句子的谓语动词不受附加成分中名词单复数的影响,仍和第一个名词的数保持一致。
Our monitor as well as some of our classmates has been to the USA.
我们的班长和几位同学已去过美国了。
The bat together with the balls was stolen.
球拍和球都被偷走了。
【百宝箱】
英语中有很多属于“A + as well as + B”这种结构,谓语动词应与主语A 保持一致。
A together with B A和B A rather than B A而不是B
A along with B A与B A except/but B A除了B
A including B A包括B A like/unlike B A像/不像B那样
A in addition to B A加上B A no less than B A如B一样
6、关系代词作主语
定语从句中关系代词who, that, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数与先行词的数一致。
AIDS is a dia that breaks down the body immune system and leaves a person defenless against infections and illness.
艾滋病是一种破坏人体免疫系统,使人处于失去抗感染、抗疾病状态的病症。
Tho who have finished the work can go home first.
那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。
校长的办公室
I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you.
我是你的老师,我会全力帮助你的。
【点津坊】
若先行词为“one of + 复数名词”时,从句中的谓语动词用复数;若先行词为“the only one of + 复数名词”时,从句中的谓语动词用单数。
He was one of the students who were given a prize. 他是那些获奖的学生之一。
I was the only one in my office who was invited. 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
7、由两部分构成的物体名词作主语
由两部分组成的表示衣物或工具的名词做主语时,谓语通常用复数,此类名词有:glass
(眼镜),spectacles(眼镜),shoes(鞋子),boots(靴子),sneakers(轻便运动鞋);trours / pants(裤子),compass(指南针),chopsticks(筷子),scissors(剪刀),socks(短袜),stockings(长袜),clothes(衣服)等。但这类词如用a pair of修饰时,谓语动词用单数。
My glass were broken while playing football yesterday.
昨天踢足球时我的眼镜被打烂了。
A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.
青松古诗
床底下有一双鞋。
Chopsticks were first introduced to Japan in the 3rd century A.D. and thus ended the practice of taking food directly by hand.
公元三世纪,筷子传到了日本,并从此结束了人们直接用手拿食物的做法。
【小帖士】
当a pair (of)表示“两个人”时,其谓语动词通常用复数;当表示“一对夫妇”时,谓语用单复数都行。
A pair of students are practising speaking English there. 两个学生正在那里练习讲英语。
The happy pair is/are going to Europe for their honeymoon. 这对快乐的新婚夫妇打算去欧洲度蜜月。
8、this kind / sort of +名词作主语
余杭塘河表示一个种类的“kind of + 名词”后面常用单数谓语动词,而“复数名词+ of this kind”后面的谓语动词常用复数。
This kind / sort of question is very difficult. 这种问题很难。
Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult. 这种问题很难。
9、amount和quantity结构作主语
高二物理
“a large amount of + 不可数名词”结构作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;“large amounts of +不可数名词”结构作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。类似的结构还有“a large quantity of +可数/不可数名词”结构(谓语用单数)以及“large quantities of +可数/不可数名词”结构(谓语用复数)。
A large amount of damage was done in a short time.
在短时间内就造成了巨大的损失。
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
这座桥花了一大笔钱。
A large quantity of pure water is needed there.