语法讲座之主谓一致

更新时间:2023-07-13 16:02:55 阅读: 评论:0

语法讲座之主谓一致
基本概念
1、定义:所谓“主谓一致”,就是指谓语在人称和数上必须受主语的人称和数的支配。这是英语和汉语在构句里的又一迥异之处。
2、主谓一致的种类:
⑴ 语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词为复数形式。如:
countif函数I often help him and he often helps me. 我经常帮助他,他经常帮助我。
We often help each other and learn from each other.我们经常互相帮助,互相学习。
⑵ 意义上的一致
a.主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。如:
The crowd were surrounding the government official. 人群包围住了这位政府官员。
单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people, police, cattle等。如:
The Chine people are brave and hard-working. 中国人民勇敢而又勤劳。
b.主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。如:
Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860. 《远大前程》是查尔斯狄更斯1860年所著。
形复意单的单词有:news,works 和一些以s结尾的书名、组织机构的名称(如:“The Selected Poems of Li Bai”,the United States, the United Nations)以及以ics结尾的学科名称(如:physics,politics,maths,economics等)。
⑶ 就近原则
就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
a. 并列主语用连词or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接,谓语应同相邻的主语保持人称和数的一致。如:
Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.
不仅学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。
Are either you or he wrong? 要么是你错,要么是他错吗?
b. 在there be 表存在的句式中,主语是两个或多个名词(短语)的并列时,be 的形式与最前边的一个名词(短语)一致。如:新疆金丝玉
There is a pen, two knives and veral books on the table.
═ There are two knives, a pen and veral books on the table.桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。
C. 副词或介词短语在句首的倒装句中,必须认准哪是主语。如:
Between the two buildings stands a monument. 两幢楼之间耸立着一块纪念碑。
放风筝作文三年级
On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among tho was the young woman. 船上有2,2001人, 1,500多人丧生,这位年轻妇女也在其中。
重点疑难
名词作主语
1、某些集体名词,如family, team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
My family is large.    我的家庭是个大家庭。 (看作一整体)
My family all like music. 我的家人都喜欢音乐。 (指家庭中一个个成员之和)
属于这类的集体名词还有:audience, class, club, company, crew, crowd, group, government,party, public, staff 等。
名词population一词的使用情况类似。如:pie工程师
The population of the earth is increasing very fast. 地球上的人口数增长很快 。
One third of the population in this country enjoy drinking coffee.  这国三分之二的人喜欢喝咖啡。
“a group(crowd) of+复数名词”等短语之后的谓语动词也同样可用单数或复数,前者强调整体,后者强调各个部分。
变更函范文2、单、复数同形的名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则。作单数意义时,谓语动词用单数,反之,谓语动词用复数。这类名词有:sheep, fish, deer, means(方法), works(工厂), Chine, Japane等。如:
Every means has been tried out without much result.每一种方法都试过了却没什么结果。
All means have been tried out without much result. 所有方法都试过了却没什么结果。
意见和建议的区别
This shoe works was t up in 1980. 这家鞋厂建于1980年。
组织生活会意见Tho shoe works were all t up in 1980. 这些鞋厂都建于1980年。
当它们前面有a, such a, this, that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all, such, the, tho修饰时,谓语用复数。
3、名词所有格之后的名词被省略,这种情况一般指商店、工场、住宅等,作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数。如:
My doctors is not far from my home. 我的家庭医生诊所离我家不远。
My uncles is just across the street.  我叔叔家在街对面。
常见的省略名词有:the bakers, the barbers, the carpenters, the Smiths 等等。
表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待,但作主语时,谓语动词常常用复数。如:
Richardsons have a lot of goods to ll. Richardson的店里有许多货可卖。
4、当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间等复数名词时,往往可以根据意义一致的原则,把这些复数名词看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Two hours is enough for me to finish the work. 两小时对我来说完成这项工作足够了。
Two hundred dollars gives Jack much help.   两百美元帮了Jack大忙。
5、如果主语有more than one… 或many a…构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍然用单数形式。如:
More than one comrade has asked to stay. 不止一位已经要求留下。
Many a pasnger was killed in the accident. 许多乘客在这一次事故中丧生。
但是“more+复数名词+than one”结构及“more than one hundred+复数名词”结构之后,谓语动词一般用复数形式。如:
工作交接单模板More members than one are against your plan. 不止一位成员反对你的计划。
6、不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词及each…and each…, every…and every…, no…and no…, many a …and many a…结构作主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如:
Every man and every woman is at work. 所有男的和女的都在工作。
Many a desk and many a bench is to be taken out of the hall. 许多课桌和凳子将被搬出大厅。
7、表示成双成套的名词,如:chopsticks (筷子), compass, clothes, glass, jeans, scissors, shoes, socks, trours等,作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式;但如与a kind of, a pair of, the pair of, a ries of 连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
The trours are in the drawer. 裤子在抽屉里。
There is a pair of shoes under the bed. 有一双鞋在床下。
The pair of shoes is rather expensive. 这双袜子很贵。
8、this kind of book ═ a book of this kind (这种书),其谓语动词用单数;短语this kind of books═ books of this kind═ the kind of books(口语)(这类书),但this kind of books作主语时,谓语动词用单数;books of this kind 和the kind of books作主语时,谓语动词用复数。all/the kinds of 后跟复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
This kind of books is very popular with young people. 这类书很受年轻人欢迎。
Books of this kind are very popular with young people.这类书很受年轻人欢迎。
The kind of parties are dangerous. 这类政党很危险。

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