8. 复合句
1）复合句
从句作什么成分就是什么复合句。
I like music that I can dance to.
复合句分为三大类：
形容词性从句：定语从句
副词性从句：状语从句
名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句
2）关系词
就是连接词，一般没有汉语意思（除who和as）
3）先行词
被从句所限定修饰的词或句子
A.关系词作用
特别要理解作句子成分的作用。
B.关系词的分类
可概括为“两类两特殊”
两类是关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：that, which, who, whom. 关系副词：when, where, why
两特殊：who、as
C.关系词的选择
关系代词和关系副词没有汉语意思，因此要根据句子成分做选择
Who和as有汉语意思，根据意思做选择。
关系代词：
关系词 | 先行词 | 成分 |
that | 人，物 | 主语，宾语 |
which | 物 | 主语，宾语 |
who | 人 | 主语，宾语 |
whom | 人 | 宾语 |
墨梅的古诗 | | |
从句不完整（即从句缺主语或宾语）一定用关系代词，然后再看先行词。
关系副词：
关系词 | 先行词 | 成分 |
when | 时间 | 状语 孙露 |
where | 地点 | 状语 |
why | 原因 | 状语 |
| | |
从句完整（即从句不缺主语或宾语）一定用关系副词，然后再看先行词。
注意：区分及物动词和不及物动词。不及物动词后可以不接宾语。如：流连忘返的反义词visit和arrive的区别
Who和as根据句子的意思做选择：
Who：“职业枯竭.....的”。I live in a hou who windows face south.
As:“像......一样”。As is known to all, English is an important subject.
D.特殊情况
1）关系代词that和which中，只能用that不能用which的情况。
● 先行词有最高级、序数词修饰或不定代词修饰时
The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.
● 先行词即有人又有物
The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.
2）关系代词that和which中，只能用which不能用that的情况。
● 关系代词前有介词时（注意区分in that）
A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.
● 非限定性定语从句
从句和主句被逗号隔开
More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country.
3）Which和as的区别
1．引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：
(1)表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which。
He went abroad, which was unexpected.
数阵图
他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。
She is a good doctor, as her mother ud to be.
她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。
(2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
2．限制性定语从句中有such, the same时，其后常用as引导定语从句(the same后也可用that，但意义不一样)。
He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect.
他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。
This is the same pen as I lost.
这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。
3．as引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.
这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
4．as常与从句中的know, e, hear, expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the ca(常有的事)等句子中。
He was abnt from school, as is often the ca.
他缺课了，这是常事。
4）“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。
1．He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ which he went on to Cambridge.
2．This is the farm ______ which he worked two years ago.
3．In the dark street there was not a single person ______ whom she could turn for help.
第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。
第二句话：把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭配。
第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”，因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。
因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手：
1．句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。
5）定语从句中的主谓一致
定语从句中的谓语动词的形式与先行词的单复数保持一致
当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。
1．one of＋复数名词＋关系代词＋复数形式动词。如：
The Great Wall is one of the worldfamous buildings that draw lots of visitors.
长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。
2．the only one of＋复数名词＋关系代词＋单数形式动词。如：
The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is en from the moon.
长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。
Titanic is the only one of the wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.
在这些精彩的电影中，《泰坦尼克号》是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。
3．当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which保兑仓作主语，
则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。
He has pasd the College Entrance Examination, which makes his parents quite happy.
他通过了高考，这让他父母很高兴。
4．其他情况。如：
I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.
我作为你的老师，会尽全力帮助你的。
（1）状语从句
状语从句主要考连接词的选择，可通过连接词的意思来选择
A.时间状语从句
1）when，while，as
● 注意：when和while的区别
When+从句，+主句（主句用进行时）
When the teacher came in, the students were sleeping.
While+从句，+主句（从句用进行时）
While the students were sleeping, the teacher came in.
● while还可以作并列连词，表示对比，意为“而，却”。
Liu Wang is from Shanxi while Liu Yang comes from Henan.
2）as soon as， 和，the moment，the minute，immediately，directly，instantly
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.
3）till, until和until
He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.
4）before 和since
It will be +一段时间+before ……..还要多久才……..
It will be half a year before I come back.
It is +一段时间+ 自从......以来
It is three years since the war broke out.
B.地点状语从句
邹孟轲母引导地点状语从句的连词有主要有Where和wherever
注意和定语从句的区别
银行行长2
You’d better make a mark where you have any question.(状语从句)
